BHSHOHH 


MILWAUKEE  PUBLIC  MUSEUM 
FROM  S.  A.  BARRETT 


19-LIBRARY  OF- 

S.  A.   BARRETT 


MILWAUKEE.    -    WIS. 


19-LIBRARY  OF~ 

.  A.   BARRETT 

73,3 


Certain  Mounds  and  Village 
Sites  in  Ohio 


ILLUSTRATED 


BY 


WILLIAM  C.  > MILLS,  M.  Sc. 

Curator  and  Librarian,  Ohio  State  Archaeological   and   Historical 

Society.     Curator  of  the  Archaeological  Museum, 

Ohio  State  University. 


VOLUME   I 


COLUMBUS,  OHIO 

PRESS  OF  FRED  J.   HEER 

1907 


LIMITED  TO  ONE   HUNDRED   AND   FIFTY   BOUND  COPIES. 


Reprinted  from  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Quarterly. 


°f 


El  4 


ANTHROP. 
LIBRARY 


PREFACE. 


The  purpose  of  this  volume  is  to  present  the  results  of  arch 
aeological  research  in  Ohio,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ohio  State 
Archaeological  and  Historical  Society,  in  a  form  which  will  meet 
the  requirements  of  students  especially  interested  in  the  study 
of  the  mounds  and  village  sites  of  Ohio  and  to  extend  the  diffu 
sion  of  knowledge  gained  by  these  explorations,  a  knowledge 
which  has  been  secured  through  great  labor  and  at  great  expense. 

The  present  volume  has  been  designated  "Certain  Mounds 
and  Village  Sites  in  Ohio,"  Volume  I,  and  comprises  the  follow 
ing  monographs  : 

''Excavations  of  Adena  Mound." 

"Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site." 

"Explorations  of  the   Haum  Village  Site." 

"Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound." 

All  the  parts  comprising  this. volume  appeared  in  the  Quar 
terly  Magazine  published  by  the  Society.  Hereafter  additional 
volumes  will  be  published  from  time  to  time  as  the  explorations 
progress  and  when  pages  sufficient  to  form  a  volume  have  been 
acquired.  The  subsequent  volumes  published  as  prepared  will 
be  supplied  with  table  of  contents  and  indexes. 

WILLIAM  C.  MILLS. 

Archaeological   Museum,   Page   Hall,    0.   S.    U.,   Columbus, 
Ohio,  April,  1907. 

(v) 


B66 


CONTENTS. 


Preface    

Contents     vii 

List    of    illustrations ix 

PART  I,  EXCAVATIONS  OF  ADENA   MOUNJ  — 

Location    of   the    mound 5 

Description    of    the    mound 

Mound  constructed  at  different  periods 

Mode  of  burial   in  first  period 

Mode   of  burial   in   second   period 

Manner  of  exploration   and  description  of  burials 

Description   of  large  central   grave 

Description  of  effigy  pipe 

PART    II,    EXPLORATIONS    OF    THE    GARTNER    MOUND    AND    VILLAGE 
SITE  — 

Location  of  the   Mound   and   Village   Site o 

Description    of   the    mound    0 

Detailed  account  of  the  explorations  of  the  mound l'2-'24 

Detailed  account  of  the   explorations  of  the  village 'J5-'!- 

Food    resources    

Preparation  of  food    34 

Implements,   their  manufacture   and   use 37-f>0 

Methods   of  burial    in   the   village (il)-(i.'5 

Resume    (>3-f>o 

PART  III,  EXPLORATIONS  OF  THE  BAUM  VILLAGE  SITE  — 

Location    of    the    village •"> 

Description    of   the    village    and    surroundings 5,  fi 

Previous   explorations    7-13 

Detailed   account   of   the   final   explorations 1.5-1?.") 

Food    resources    -5 

Animal    food    2f> 

Plant  food    33 

Preparation    of    food 35 

Implements,   their  manufacture  and   use 42-70 

Ornaments    

Mortuary    customs     

A  study  of  the  pathological  changes  in  human  bones 

Resume    


viii  Contents. 

PART  iV,  EXPLORATIONS  OF  THE  EDWIN  HARNESS  MOUND —  PAGE. 

Location   and   description    5 

Previous  exploration  and  description  — 

by  Squier  and   Davis    9-1 M 

by    Prof.    Putnam    14-1!) 

by    Prof.    Moorehead    W-2'2 

Final   exploration   and   description  — 

of  the   mound -- 

Special   features  of  the  mound -4 

Object    of    the    mound -5 

Charnel    house    -^ 

inirials     -'51 

Artifacts    found    in    the    graves -W 

Copper    plates     -iS 

Copper    ear    ornaments    11 

Copper   covered    ornaments    45 

Copper  implements    4li 

Pottery     51 

Bone   implements    54 

Bone    ornaments    5(i 

Objects  of  mica   (14 

Pipes     (ill 

Stone    implements    <i!> 

Stone   gorgets    7(1 

Graphite     ~'l 

Objects    of   shell    73 

Pearl    beads     75 

Imitation  of  pearl  beads 76 

Textiles    77 

Explorations  of  the  Robert  Harness  Mound 7!) 

Resume    X'2 

Index    . 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  ADENA   MOUND. 


Frontispiece.     Adena  Mound. 
1.     Showing  burials  in  the  Mound. 
•2.     First  cut  of  five  feet. 

3.  Second  cut  showing  dome  of  the  original   Mound. 

4.  Copper   bracelet   covered   with   cloth. 

5.  Spiral  ringer  ring. 

ti.     Piece   of  woven   fabric. 

7.  Cut   mica. 

8.  General  view  of  the  second  cut. 

9.  Shell  hoe. 

10.  Slate    gorget. 

11.  Tubular   pipe. 

12.  Sepulcher  grave. 

13.  An   imprint   of  one   of   the   logs    forming   the   grave. 

14.  Skeleton  showing  second  burial. 

15.  Spear  point. 

Hi.     Square  bracelet  with  cloth  attached. 

17.  Bracelet  and  gorget  covering  the  bones  of  the  arm 

18.  Plans  of  a  double  sepulcher. 

19.  Drawing  showing  central  grave. 

•JO.     Flint  knives  placed  at  feet  of  burial. 

21.  Tablet  of  stone. 

22.  Bone  comb. 

23.  Large  bone   awl. 

24.  Bone  needle. 

25.  Large  spear  head. 
2(i.     Large   shell  beads. 
27.     Fffigy  of  the  Raccoon. 

Front  view  of  effigy  pipe. 
Side  view  of  effigy  pipe. 
Back  view  of  effigy  pipe. 

(ix) 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  GARNER   MOUND  AND 
VILLAGE  SITE. 


Frontispiece.     At   work   in   the   Gartner   Mound. 

1.  Shows   Mound   Sections  and   Burials. 
la.  A   Mound    Burial. 

2.  Showing   Large    Platform    in   Section    I. 

3.  Showing  Grave  Containing  Prepared  Clay. 

4.  Discoidal   found  with  skeleton   No.  4.     One-half  size. 

5.  Photograph    of    skeleton    showing   water    worn    stone    and    discoidal 

placed  near  the  head, 
(j.     Shows  three  perfect  crescents  made  of  mussel  shell.     Two-thirds  size. 

7.  Effigy   awl   found   with    skeleton    No.  8.      Length   eight   and   one-half 

inches. 

8.  Shows  headless  skeleton. 

!>.     Platform  pipe   found  with   skeleton   No.   Id.     One-half  size. 
Id.     Shows  position  of  platform  pipe  near  head  of  skeleton. 

11.  Shows  a  few  of  the  perforated  canine  teeth  forming  a  necklace  found 

with    skeleton    No.    1!>.      One-half    size. 

12.  Shell  gorget  found  with  skeleton  No.  21.     One-half  sixe. 

13.  Shell   gorget    found   with    skeleton   No.   2fi.     O:ie   half   size. 

14.  Canine  teeth  of  Wolf  and   Mountain  Lion   found   with   skeleton    No. 

34.     One-half  size. 

15.  Perfect  pottery  found  with  skeleton  No.  38.     Six  and  one-half  inches 

high. 
1(5.     Shows  position  of  earthenware  near  head  of  skeleton. 

17.  Shell  gorget  with  pearl  setting.     One-half  size. 

18.  Map  showing  Gartner   Mound  and  Village   Site. 
1!>.     Showing   Refuse   Pits. 

"20.     Showing  Cohs  and  Lumps  of  Charred  Corn. 
•21.     Showing  Mussel  Shells  in  Refuse  Pits. 

22.  Showing  cross   section   of   Village   Site. 

23.  Showing  remains  of  Mussel  Bake. 

23a.  Section  of  the   Mound  showing   six   burials   exposed  at  one  time   nil 
above  the  base. 

24.  Showing  small  pottery.     One-half  size. 

25.  Ornamentation   by  small   indentations. 

2f>.     Indentation  made  with   hollow   instrument. 

27.  Kffigy  of  a  Lizard. 

28.  Shows   manner  in   which   handles   are  attached   to   vessels. 

29.  Showing   pottery   decorations. 

30.  Triangular  Arrow-Points.     One-half  size. 

(x) 


Illustrations  of  the  Garner  Mound  and   I  'illagc  Site.       xi 

31.  Spear   Points.     One-half  size. 

3:2.  Typical    Celt   from  Village   Site.     Two-thirds   size. 

33.  Shell   Hoe.     One-half  size. 

34.  Bone   arrow   points.      One-half   size. 

35.  a.    Showing   Tine.      b.    Cutting   of   Tine.      3.    Depth   of   hole    drilled. 

d.  Cutting  away  of  superfluous  Horn.     e.   Perfect  point.     One- 
half  size. 

36.  a.    Perfect   scraper,     b.    Process   in   manufacture   of   scraper,     c.    Per 

fect  metapodiale  bone.     Two-thirds  size. 

37.  Double  Bitted  Scraper.     One-half  size. 

38.  Notched    Scraper.     One-half   size. 

39.  Scraper  made  from   Metapodiale   Bone  of  the   Elk.     One-half  size. 

40.  a.   Awl   made  from   Metapodiale   Bone   of   Deer.     b.   Awl   made   from 

Ulna  of  the  Deer.     c.  Awl  made  from  Ulna  of  the  Elk.     One- 
half  size. 

41.  Awls   made   from   the   Shoulder   Blades   of   the  Deer.     One-half  size. 
4'J.  Aawls   made   from   the  Tarsometatarsus  of  the   Wild   Turkey.     One- 
half  size. 

43.  Large   Bone   Awls.     One-third   size. 

44.  Double    Pointed   Awls.      One-half   size. 

45.  Large  Double  Pointed  Awls.     One-half  size. 

46.  Double  Pointed  Pins. 

47.  Showing   Iron   Concretion,   containing  pins   and  beads. 

48.  Large  Bone  Needle.     Eleven  and  one-quarter  inches  in  length. 
4!).  Bone  Knives.     Two-thirds  size. 

50.  Cut  Wing  Bones  of  Trumpeter  Swan.     One-half  size. 

51.  Cut  Bone.     Two-thirds  size. 

b'2.  Perfect   Fishhooks.      Two-thirds   size. 

53.  Stages   of   Fishhook   Manufacture.     Two-thirds    size. 

54.  Shell   Gorgets.     Two-thirds   size. 

55.  Shell    Crescent.      Two-thirds   size. 

56.  Pendants  made  of  Digits  of  Wild  Turkey. 

57.  Necklace  of  Elk  Teeth. 

58.  Pendants   made  of   Canine    Teeth   of    Black   Bear. 
5!).  Bone   Beads. 

60.  Perforated  Humerus  of  Wild  Turkey. 

61.  Cut   Digits  of  Deer. 
6±  Cut  Jaws  and  Heads. 

63.  Platform    Pipe. 

64.  Unfinished  Sandstone  Pipe. 

65.  Perfect    Clay   Pipe   from   Refuse   Pit. 

66.  One  of  the  Burials  in  the  Village. 

67.  Shows  Burial  in  Refuse  Pit. 

68.  Shows  Double  Burial. 

69.  Shows   Pottery  Decorations. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE   BAUM   VILLAGE  SITE. 


Frontispiece.     At  Work  in  the  Village  Site. 
1.     Map  showing  Spruce  Hill. 

•J.  Map  showing  Baum  Earthworks  (After  Squier  and  Davis).  The 
Village  Site  surrounds  the  square  truncated  mound  marked  on 
the  drawing. 

3.  Cross   sections   of   the    Haurn    Mound.      (Middleton,    II.    E.    Report.) 

4.  The   village  site,   mound   in   the   distance   to   the   left. 

5.  Six  miles  of  the  Paint  Creek  Valley   (Squier  and   Davis).      (A)   Seip 

group  of  mounds  and  earthworks,   ( B )   Baum  group  of  mounds 
and  earthworks,    ( C)   Spruce  Hill. 

6  Tepee  site,  surrounded  on  one  side  by  the  burial  ground  and  on  the 
other  by  underground  storehouses. 

7.  Animal     bones,    mussel     shells,     broken     pottery,     mortars,     hammer 

stones  and  implements  of  bone,  stone  and  shell  taken  from  the 
refuse   pits. 

8.  Headless    skeleton,    with    a    large    pottery    vessel    placed    at   the   head 

of  the  grave. 

!>.     Refuse   pits   at   the   Gartner   Village    Site, 
in.     Stone  Mortar,  rift  ecu  inches  long,  twelve  inches  wide  and  live  inches 

thick,    with   a   cavity   three  inches   in   depth. 
11.     Pottery   fragments   showing  decoration   of   rims. 
\'2.     Pottery   fragments   showing  scroll   decorations. 
Kl     Pottery   fragments   showing  decorations   and   handles. 
14.     Restored  Vase  found  with  one  of  the  burials  (six  and  one-half  inches 

high.) 
lo.     Restored    Vase    found    with    one    of    the    burials    (live    and    one-half 

inches    high). 

lii.     Burial  with  Vase  placed  at  the  head  of  the  grave. 
IT.     Restored  Vase  taken  from  one  of  the  refuse  pits   (nine  inches  high). 
18.     Restored   Vase  placed   with  one  of  the   burials    (seven   inches   high). 
1!>.     Partially    restored    vessel    taken    from    a    grave    (six    and    one-fourth 

inches  high). 
•Jo.     Very  small,  perfect  vessels,  made  of  the  same  material  as  the  larger 

vessels    (one-half   size). 
'21.     Rare  type  of  grooved  axe  (length  seven  and  one-fourth  inches,  width 

three   and   one-fourth    inches). 

'2'2.     A  typical   celt   of  the   village    (three-quarter   size). 
23.     Whetstones  used  in  making  bone  implements   (one-third  size). 
'2\.     Typical   triangular    points    (two-thirds    size). 

(xii) 


Illustrations  of  the  Baum   Village  Site. 


Xlll 


25.     Large   triangular   spear    (half   size). 

2(5.  Deeply  notched  spear  point,  blade  very  thin.  Length  two  and  four- 
fifths  inches. 

•_!7.     Typical   drills   found   in   the  village    (two-third^   size). 

•28.     Flint    knives    made    of    red    and   yellow    jasper    (two-thirds    size). 

2(1.  Flint  Cores.  Specimen  to  left,  red  and  yellow  jasper.  Specimen 
to  the  right,  maroon  colored  jasper  (half  size). 

30.  Typical  discoidal  stones   found  in  the  village   (two-thirds   size). 

31.  Typical   shell   hoe,   found   in  great   numbers   in   the   refuse   pits    (half 

size). 

32.  Deer  horns  with  tines   removed. 

33.  Arrow  points  made  from  the  tines  of  deer  horns   (two-thirds   size). 

34.  Arrow    point    making,    as    illustrated    by    specimens    taken    from    the 

Gartner  Village:  (a)  Tine  from  deer  horn,  (b)  Cutting  of 
tine,  (c)  Depth  of  hole  drilled,  (d)  Cutting  away  of  superflu 
ous  horn,  (e)  Perfect  point  (two-thirds  size). 

35.  Arrow  points   made  of  deer  horn  with  a  perforation   for  attachment 

to   the   shaft    (two-thirds   size). 

Arrow  points  made  from  the  toe  bone  of  the  deer   (half  size). 
Perfect  scrapers,  made  from  the  metapodiale  bones  of  the  deer.     ( Av 
erage  length   of  scrapers,   ten   inches.) 

38.     Specimens  showing  stages  in  the  manufacture  of  the  scraper.      (Av 
erage    length   of   scrapers,   ten    inches.) 
3!).     Celt-like    scrapers    made   of    elk    horn    (two-thirds    size.) 

40.  Large   b  me    awls,    length    eight    and   one-half    inches    and    eight    and 

two-fifths   inches,    respectively. 

41.  Typical  bone  awls  with  blunt  points  (live-eights  size). 

42.  Blunt-pointed  awls  found  with  burials    (two-thirds   size). 

43.  Bone  awls  made  from  the  ulna  and  metapodiale  bones  of  the  deer  (live 

eighths  size). 

44.  Bone   awls  made  of  the   shoulder  blades  of  the  deer    (half   size). 

45.  Bone  awls  with  sharp  points,  made  from  the  tarsometatarsus  of  the 

wild    turkey    (half    size). 
4(5.     Awl  made  from  a  part  of  the  lower  mandible  of  the  deir   (full  size). 

47.  Burial  showing  five  large  awls  made  from  the  tarsometatarsus  of  the 

wild   turkey. 

48.  Double-pointed  bone  awls    (half  size). 

4!).     Typical   needle,    length   six   and   three-eighths   inches. 

50.  Bone  tubes,  specimen  to  the  left  made  from  the  femur  of  the  Mount 

ain    Lion,    one    to    the    right    humerus    of    the    Trumpeter    Swan 
(half    size). 

51.  Cutting  tools   made   of   beaver   teeth    (two-thirds   size). 

52.  Spear  point   made  of  horn    (half   size). 

53.  Flaking   tools   made   of   elk   horn    (two-thirds   size). 

54.  Typical  fishhooks  found  in  the  village    (full  size), 


xiv  Illustrations  of  the  Baitni    I'll  luge  Site. 

.V>.  Fishhooks  and  the  stages  in  their  manufacture    (two-thirds  sixe"). 

•"><>.  Shell   spoon   (two-thirds   sixe.) 

~>7.  Spoon  made  of  the  carapace  of  the  common  land  turtle    (half  size). 

">S.  Typical   shell   gorgets    (full    sixe). 

.">:>.  Shell  gorget  made  from  Ocean  shell   (two-thirds  sixe). 

CO.  Pendants  made  of  ocean  shell   (two-thirds  sixe). 

(il.  Beads   made  of  bone. 

(i'2.  Pendants  made  of  hone    (half  sixe). 

tiM.  Perforated  canine  tooth   of  the    Indian   dog    (two-thirds   sixe). 

64.  Perforated  canines  of  the  bear  and  wolf   (half  sixe). 

(>•").  Upper   carnassial    of   the    wolf,    grooved    for    attachment    (four-fifths 
sixe). 

66.  Pendants  made  from  the  incisor  teeth  of  the  elk   (two-thirds  size). 

67.  Perfrated  canine  teeth  of  the  elk    (two-thirds  sixe). 

68.  Cut  jaw  teeth  of  the  wolf    (half  sixe). 

69.  Cut  lower  jaw  of  the  wolf    (half   sixe). 

7<>.     Cut    wolf   jaw,    showing   a   stage   in   he    manfacture   of   an   ornament 
(half  sixe). 

71.  Cut  lower  mandible  of  the  deer    (two-thirds  sixe). 

72.  Ovoid  pipe  found  in  one  of  the  burials    (two-thirds   sixe). 

73.  Pipe   made  of  limestone   found   with   one   of  the  burials    (two-thirds 

sixe). 

74.  Pipe  with  short  stem   (half  sixe). 

75.  Skull  taken  from  one  of  the  burials  in  the  village. 

76.  Family  burial  ground  ;    four  adults  and  three  children  exposed  at  one 

time,  as  well  as  one  of  the  underground  storehouses. 

77.  Burials   encircling  a   tepee   site. 

78.  Covered  and  open  graves  in  the  same  burial  ground. 

79.  Burial  in  one  of  the  refuse  pits. 

80.  The  largest   skeleton   found   in  the  village. 

81.  The   skeleton   in   the   foreground   represents   the   strongest   and   oldest 

person  inhumated  in  the  village. 

82.  Skeleton  with   diseased  tibia  and  humerus.   which   were   used  by   Dr. 

Orton  in  his  study  of  the  pathological  changes  with  especial 
reference  to  syphilis. 

The  large  skeleton  in  the  center  was  used  by  Dr.  Orton  in  his  in 
vestigations. 

Cut  metatarsal  of  the  Mountain  Lion  (three-fourths  sixe). 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  EDWIN  HARNESS  MOUND. 


Frontispiece.     The  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 

1.  The   Harness   Group. 

2.  The  mound  cleared  of  underbrush  and  ready  for  examination. 

3.  A  plan  and  section  of  the  Harness  Mound  after   Squicr  and   Davis. 

4.  Pipe   from  the   Harness   Mound,   after   Squier  and   Davis. 

5.  The   manner  of   exposing   to   view   the   graves. 
0.     A  row  of  graves  exposed  at  one  time. 

7.  View   showing  tunnels   made  by   Prof.   Moorehead. 

8.  View   showing  a   row   of  the   various  kinds  of  graves. 
!).     Typical    platform   grave. 

10.  A  typical  basin  shaped   grave. 

11.  A   typical   oval   grave. 

1'.!.     A  typical   rectangular  grave. 

13.  An  uncremated  burial. 

14.  View    showing  two   rectangular   graves   and   one   platform. 

15.  Typical  copper  plate  from  one  of  the  graves.     (Length  nine  inches.) 
l(i.     Copper   plate    showing   contact    with    lire.      (Two-thirds    size). 

17.  Crescent  shaped  copper  ornament.     (Length  ten  and  one-half  inches.) 

18.  Copper    car   ornament.      (Two-thirds    size.) 
1;).     Copper    ear   ornament.      (Two-thirds    size.) 
•_'M.     Copper    ear   ornament.      (Two-thirds    size.) 
•21.     Copper    ear   ornament.      (Two-thirds    size.) 

22.  Copper    ear    ornament.      (Two-thirds    size.) 

22a.     String    used   to    fasten    the    plates    of    the    ear    ornaments    together. 
(Full  size.) 

23.  Round  ball  of  copper.     (Two-thirds  size.) 

24.  Pearl   set   in   copper.      (Full   size.) 

25.  A  copper  setting,  pearl  having  been  removed.      (Full  size.) 

2ti.     Shows  the  manner  in  which  the  copper  settings  were  attached.  (Two- 
thirds    size.) 

27.  Copper  pendant.      (One-half   size.) 

28.  Copper   axe.      (Length    five   and   one-half   inches.) 

2!l.     Copper  axe   covered   with   cloth.      (Length   five   inches.) 

30.     Copper    axe    covered    with    reticulated    textile.       (Length    three    and 

one-tenth   inches.) 
•'31.     Burial   showing  copper  axe,   copper  plate  and   a   human  skull   placed 

with   the  cremated  bones. 

32.     Copper   axe.      (Length  .two   and   four-fifths   inches.) 

(xv) 


XVI 


Illustrations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


33.  Copper  axe   (.Length  two  and  seven-tenths  inches.) 

34.  Rim   of  pottery. 

35.  Decorated  pottery. 
3t>.     Decorated  pottery. 

37.  Decorated  pottery. 

38.  Bone  awls  made  from  the  metapodiale  bones  of  the   deer.    (Length 

ten  inches.) 
3d.     Hone    awls    made    from    the    larsomctatarsus    of    the    wild    turkey. 

(Length  four  inches.) 

4d.     Bone  needles.      (Length   four  inches.) 
41.     Human   jaw    in    which    deer   teeth    replace   the   human    incisor   teeth. 

(Two-thirds   size.) 

4'J.     Perforated    human    jaw      (Two-thirds    size.) 
4:5.     Upper  jaw  worn   for  an  ornament.      (Two-thirds  size.) 

44.  Lower   jaw    of   the    Mountain    Lion    worn    for   ornament      (Oen-half 

size.) 

4.").     Lower  jaw  of  the  Wild  Cat  worn  for  ornament.      (Two-thirds  size.) 
ili.     Lower  jaw  of  the  Black  Bear  worn  for  ornament.     (Two-thirds  size.) 
47.     Effigy  claws,   No.    1   made  of  hone.   No.   •>  made  of  argilite.      (Two- 
thirds    size.) 

45.  Perforated  teeth  of  the   shark.      (Three-fourths   size.) 
4H.     Perforated   teeth  of  the    Bear.      (Three-fourths   size.) 

50.  Cut  and  perforated  teeth  of  the  Bear.      (Three-fourths   size.) 

51.  Teeth  of  the   Opossum   and   Raccoon.      (Three-fourths   size.) 
5'J.     Claws  of  the  Gray  Wolf.     (Two-thirds  size.) 

53.  Restored   ornament   of   hone.      (Two-thirds   size.) 

54.  Engraved   hone.      (Three-fourths   size.) 

55.  Ornament   cut    from   mica.      (Three-fourths   size.) 
5li.     Designs   in   mica.      ( Three-fourths   size.) 

57.     Circle  of   mica.      (Two-thirds   size.) 

5tf.     Large  platform  pipe  from  a  burial.   (Length  live  and  one-fifth  inches.) 

•":!>.     Platform  pipe  from  limestone.      (Length  four  and  one-tenth  inches.) 

t>o.     Small  platform  pipe.      (Length  three  inches.) 

lil.     Small   platform   pipe  made  of   steatite.      (Length   three   and   one-half 

inches.) 

ti'J.     Celt.      (Length   four  and   four-fifths  inches.) 
Ii3.     Flint  knives.      (Average  length  two   inches.) 
(14.     Flint  core.      (Two-thirds   size.) 
<i5.     Flint  arrow  points.   (Two-thirds  size.) 
(>(i.     Obsidian  knife.      (Two-thirds   size.) 
<i7.     Gorgets  made  of  argilite.      (Two-thirds  size.) 
08.     Drinking    cup    made    of    ocean    shell.      (Length    eight    and    one-half 

inches.) 

<>9.     Drinking  cup  made  of  ocean   shell.    (Length  ten  inches.) 
70.     Pearl  beads.     (Two-thirds  size.) 


Illustrations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  xvii 

71.  Large  pearls.      (Full  size.) 

72.  Large  pearls  flattened  on  one  side.     (Two-thirds  size.) 

73.  Small   ocean   shells.      (Two-thirds   size.) 

74.  Round  beads  made  of  ocean  shell.      (Two-thirds  size.) 

75.  Beads   made  of  ocean  shell.      (One-half  size.) 
7G.  Coarse  matting. 

77.  Fabric  with  copper  balls  attached. 

78.  Woven  fabrics. 

79.  Pipe.     (Three-fourths  size.) 

80.  The   Mound  about  finished. 


PART  I 
Excavations  of  Adena  Mound 


EXCAVATIONS  OF 
THE  ADENA  MOUND 


BY 

WILLIAM  C.  MILLS,  B.  Sc. 

(Curator  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society) 


Reprinted  from  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Quarterly, 
Volume  X,  Number  4. 


COLUMBUS 

PRESS  OF  J-RED  J.  HEER 

IQ02 


This  report  is  reprinted  from  the  tenth  annual 
publication  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Society,  for  the  convenience  of  those 
who  are  only  interested  in  the  Archaeological  De 
partment  of  the  Society.  The  annuals  complete 
are  sent  only  to  members  of  the  Society  or  others 
especially  entitled  to  them. 

E.  O.   RANDALL,  Secretary, 

Columbus,  Ohio. 


EXCAVATIONS  OF  THE  ADENA  MOUND. 

BY   WILLIAM   C.    MILLS,   B.   SC. 
(Curator  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society.) 

The  Adena  mound,  so  named  by  Governor  Worthington,  and 
owned  by  his  estate  until  a  few  years  ago,  was  thoroughly  exam 
ined  by  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society 
under  the  direction  of  its  curator  during  the  summer  of  1901. 
The  mound  is  located  ij  miles  from  the  northwestern  part  of 
the  city  of  Chillicothe,  in  the  valley  of  the  Scioto  River.  Stand 
ing  upon  the  summit  of  this  mound  one  could  see,  looking  di 
rectly  to  the  north,  the  noted  Mound  City  so  named  by  Squier 
and  Davis,  and  examined  by  them  in  1846;  looking  to  the  south 
the  Chillicothe  group  of  mounds  could  be  seen,  which  were  ex 
amined  by  Fowke,  Moorehead  and  others ;  directly  to  the  east 
could  be  seen  the  Scioto  River,  and  to  the  west  is  the  large  hill 
upon  which  is  located  the  mansion  called  Adena,  which  was  the 
home  of  Governor  Worthington.  Near  the  mound,  and  at  the 
foot  of  this  hill,  is  Lake  Ellensmere,  which  played  a  very  important 
part  in  the  construction  of  this  mound.  In  1798,  when  Governor 
Worthington  came  to  Ohio,  he  purchased  the  land  upon  which 
this  mound  was  located,  and  it  has  since  been  owned  by  the  heirs 
until  a  few  years  ago,  when  it  was  sold  to  Mr.  Joseph  Froehlich, 
consequently  the  mound  had  been  preserved  for  more  than  100 
years.  In  the  course  of  time  the  present  owner  found  that  it 
was  quite  an  expense  to  keep  this  mound  in  a  good  condition, 
and  as  it  occupied  a  large  tract  of  fine  alluvial  bottom  land,  which 
was  valuable  for  agricultural  purposes,  he  decided  upon  its  com 
plete  removal.  On  the  2ist  of  June  a  contract  was  entered  into  with 
Mr.  Froehlich  to  remove  this  mound,  the  greater  part  of  the  soil 
of  which  it  was  composed  to  be  placed  in  a  cut  made  by  the  B.  & 
O.  Railroad,  which  is  perhaps  fifty  yards  away.  The  mound,  at 
the  time  work  began,  was  26  feet  high  measuring  from  the  south 
side,  26  feet  9  inches  measuring  from  the  north  side,  with  a  cir- 


6 


Excavations  of  the  Adcna  Mound. 


cumference  of  445  feet.  The  north  side  of  the  mound  was  cov 
ered  with  an  undergrowth  of  small  trees  and  briars,  making  it 
almost  impossible  of  ascent,  while  on  the  south  side  the  mound 
was  not  so  densely  covered  and  a  path  was  easily  made  to  the 
top  of  the  mound,  where  the  work  began.  Until  last  year  the 
mound  was  covered  with  a  growth  of  trees  each  ranging  in  diame 
ter  from  6  to  1 8  inches,  but  these  had  been  cut  down  and  taken 
away  by  Mr.  Froehlich,  preliminary  to  the  removal  of  the  mound. 
The  outer  surface  of  the  mound  was  covered  with  a  leaf 
mould  from  3  to  7  inches  in  thickness.  As  work  progressed  upon 
the  mound  it  was  discovered  that  it  had  been  built  at  two  different 
periods.  The  first  period  represented  the  original  mound  which 


FIGURE  1. 

was  20  feet  high  with  a  base  diameter  of  90  feet  being  composed 
almost  entirely  of  dark  sand,  which  was  no  doubt  taken  from 
the  small  lake  near  by,  known  as  Lake  Ellensmere.  The  second 
period  shows  the  enlargement  of  the  original  mound  on  all  sides. 
On  the  south  side  the  mound  was  only  covered  with  a  few  feet  of 
soil,  while  on  the  north  side  the  base  was  extended  more  than 
50  feet ;  this  enlargement  was  carried  up  the  side  of  the  mound 
changing  the  apex  between  12  and  15  feet.  This  is  shown  in 
Fig.  i.  The  soil  of  the  second  period  differed  very  much  from 
that  of  the  first ;  while  the  first  was  composed  almost  entirely  of 
sand  and  was  of  a  dark  color ;  the  second  part  of  the  mound  was 
composed  of  sand  of  a  lighter  color  mixed  with  the  soil  of  the 


s  of  the  Adcna  If  omul.  7 

surrounding  surface.  In  some  places  the  sand  was  entirely  ab 
sent,  while  in  others  but  very  little  soil  was  mixed  with  it. 

The  mode  of  burial  in  the  first  period  was  far  different  from 
that  in  the  second.  In  the  original  mound  no  burials  were  found 
until  within  five  feet  of  the  base  line.  The  body  at  the  time  of 
its  interment  was  enveloped  in  bark  or  a  coarse  woven  fabric 
and  then  enclosed  in  a  rude  sepulcher  made  of  timbers,  ranging 
in  diameter  from  3  to  17  inches.  The  sepulchers  varied  greatly 
in  size ;  those  above  the  base  line  were  made  by  placing  large 
logs  on  each  side  of  the  body  with  a  covering  of  small  logs 
placed  over  the  top.  The  sepulchers  placed  on  the  base  line  were 
usually  made  of  a  framework  of  timber,  which  had  long  since 
decayed  away  but  the  cast  of  which  was  still  retained  in  the  hard 
sand ;  this  enclosure  of  timber,  measured  from  outside  to  outside, 
was  usually  from  8  to  9  feet  in  length  and  from  5  to  7  feet  wide 
and  from  18  inches  to  2^  feet  high.  They  were  constructed  from 
unhewn  logs  lain  one  upon  another,  and  were  then  covered  over 
the  top  with  logs  that  were  smaller  than  those  at  the  sides  and 
ends.  After  a  period  of  time  these  logs  would  decay,  and  the 
superincumbent  earth  would  drop  into  the  grave;  with  the  sides 
and  ends  supported  and  no  support  in  the  center  this  would  natu 
rally  form  an  archway  of  earth,  which  was  clearly  defined  at  the 
time  the  mound  was  opened.  In  a  number  of  instances  the  loose 
earth  was  removed  from  the  sepulchers  disclosing  large  rooms, 
some  of  which  were  10  feet  long  and  seven  feet  wide,  with  an 
arched  roof,  being  high  enough  for  a  man  to  stand  upright  in 
them.  In  the  second  period  the  burials  were  much  different,  no 
sepulchers  were  prepared  for  the  dead  and  not  one  of  the  skele 
tons  was  covered  with  bark,  and  only  one  showed  any  trace  of  a 
woven  fabric,  this  being  preserved  around  a  copper  bracelet. 

The  skeletons  in  the  first  period  were  much  better  preserved 
than  those  in  the  second ;  this  was  caused  by  the  protection  af 
forded  the  body,  at  the  time  of  burial,  by  the  sepulcher. 

In  the  outer  mound  skeletons  were  found  from  the  top  to 
almost  the  bottom,  while  in  the  original  mound  the  skeletons 
were  all  found  within  five  feet  of  the  base  line  and  below  this 
line.  However  the  implements  and  ornaments  found  in  both  sec- 


8  E.rcai'ations  of  the  Adcna  Mound. 

tions  of  the  mound  were  similar  in  every  respect,  but  were  more 
abundant  in  the  first  period  than  in  the  second.  In  the  first  period 
implements  and  ornaments  were  found  with  all  the  sepulcher 
burials,  with  but  one  exception,  which  will  be  noted  later.  In 
the  second  period  quite  a  number  of  skeletons  were  found  that 
had  no  implements  or  ornaments  of  any  kind  placed  with  them. 

The  mound  was  removed  in  five-foot  sections  commencing 
at  the  top.  In  the  first  section,  which  includes  the  apex  of  the 
mound,  we  expected  to  find  intrusive  burials,  but  in  this  we  were 
disappointed.  The  earth  was  carted  to  the  north  side  of  the 
mound  in  wheel  "barrows  and  thrown  down  its  sides.  In  the 
second  cut  a  winding  road  was  made  up  the  side  of  the  mound, 
so  that  teams  could  remove  the  dirt,  which  was  done  by  the  use 
of  wheel  scrapers.  The  soil  was  loosened  with  picks,  and  the 
earth  carefully  examined,  it  was  then  shoveled  back  so  wheel 
scrapers  could  carry  the  dirt  away.  Whenever  a  grave  was  dis 
covered  competent  men  were  placed  at  work  to  remove  the  dirt 
from  around  it  with  small  hand  trowels.  All  the  skeletons  were 
photographed  in  place  with  the  implements  and  ornaments  found 
with  them.  All  changes  in  the  structure  of  the  mound  were  also 
photographed.  A  total  of  33  skeletons  was  removed  from  the 
mound,  21  occurring  in  the  first  period,  or  the  original  mound, 
and  12  in  the  second  period. 

The  first  five  feet  of  the  apex  of  the  mound  was  composed 
of  soil  taken  from  the  surface  surrounding  the  mound.  The  soil 
was  first  loosened  by  picks  and  then  loaded  upon  wheelbarrows 
and  carted  to  the  north  edge  of  the  mound  where  it  was  thrown 
down  the  side.  This  section  was  carefully  examined  for  intrusive 
burials  but  none  were  found.  Five  feet  from  the  edge,  and  al 
most  on  the  base  line  of  the  cut,  was  found  a  chipped  hoe,  5  inches 
in  length  and  if  inches  in  width,  which  had  evidently  been  lost 
by  the  builders  of  the  mound,  as  nothing  was  found  near  it  to 
indicate  that  it  had  been  placed  there  intentionally.  Near  the 
center  of  this  section  was  found  a  small  quantity  of  charcoal  scat 
tered  through  the  soil  which  had  evidently  been  intermingled 
with  the  earth  at  the  time  of  its  deposit  there.  A  little  past  the 
center  to  the  south  side  was  again  found  small  particles  of  char- 


Excavations  of  the  Adena  Mound.  9 

coal,  in  this  case  a  little  pocket  of  ashes  accompanied  the  char 
coal,  and  it  looked  very  much  as  though  a  small  basket  of  earth, 
charcoal  and  ashes  had  been  deposited  together.  East  of  the  cen 
ter  of  the  mound,  and  near  the  base  line  of  this  cut,  was  found  a 
very  large  pitted  sandstone,  pits  occurring  on  both  sides.  The 
stone  was  8  inches  long,  6  inches  wide  and  5  inches  thick.  This 
sandstone  was  no  doubt  procured  from  the  hillside  near  by,  as 
ledges  of  this  rock  are  exposed  in  several  places.  See  Fig.  2 
which  shows  first  cut  of  5  feet. 


FIGURE  2. 

The  second  cut  of  five  feet  which  was  commenced  at  the 
north  side  and  carried  through  directly  to  the  south,  was  far 
more  interesting  than  the  first  cut.  This  cut  was  composed  al 
most  entirely  of  earth  and  sand  taken  from  the  surrounding  sur 
face,  with  the  exception  of  the  center,  which  was  composed  of  a 
compact  dark  colored  sand,,  and  so  hard  that  it  was  necessary  to 
pick  it  down  before  it  could  be  removed.  Fig.  3  shows  a  photo 
graph  of  the  dome-shaped  sand  which  proved  to  be  the  top  of  the 
original  mound. 

Near  the  center  of  this  sand  portion  were  found  two  frag 
ments  of  human  bones  consisting  of  one  small  piece  of  the  right 


10 


Lvcafations  of  the  Adcna  Mound. 


femur  and  one  small  piece  of  the  left  humerus.     A  little  past  the 
center  of  this  sand  portion  was  found  a  pocket  of  ashes  and  char- 


FlGURE   3. 


FIGURE  4. 


coal;  in  these  ashes 
parts  of  the  meta 
carpal  bone  of  the 
deer  and  part  of  the 
humerus  of  the  wild 
turkey  were  found. 
Just  outside  of  this 
sand  center  to  the 
east,  and  about  four 
feet  from  the  top  of 
the  five-foot  cut,  was 
found  the  skeleton  of 
an  adult,  upon  the 
right  arm  of  which 
two  copper  bracelets 
were  found.  These 
bracelets  were  made 
from  a  rounded  piece 
of  copper  tapering  to 
almost  a  point  at  each 


end,  the  ends  overlapping  each  other  when  bent  around  the  wrist. 
Around  the  bracelet  was  a  quantity  of  well  preserved  woven  cloth. 


Excavations  of  the  Adena  Mound. 


n 


Figure  4. — Upon  a  linger  ot  the  left  hand  were  tound  two  copper 
rings,  and  these  were  also  made  of  hammered  copper,  formed  into 
a  light  copper  wire,  this  wire  was  then  bent  twice  around  the 
finger  and  formed  what  is  known  as  the  spiral  ring.  Figure  5.— 
The  skeleton  was  very  much  decomposed  and  but 
very  few  of  the  bones  could  be  saved.  Around  om1 
of  the  bracelets  was  found  a  quantity  of  woven  cloth  ; 
this  cloth  was  very  nicely  preserved,  showing  the 
texture,  etc.  Figure  6. — Five  feet  to  the  east  of  this 
FIGURE  5.  £rsf.  skeleton  was  discovered  the  skeleton  of  an  ado- 
lesent,  upon  the  wrist  of  which  were  found  two  beautiful  copper 
bracelets,  similar  in  every  respect 
to  those  found  upon  the  first 
skeleton,  and  having  upon  the 
head  a  head-dress  made  of  large 
strips  of  mica  cut  into  shape  and 
pierced  with  holes  for  attach 
ment.  Figure  7. — Near  the  head 
of  this  skeleton  was  found  a 
broken  earthen  jar  which  was 
carefully  removed.  Near  this  jar 
was  unearthed  a  large  square 
block  of  sandstone  with  cup- 
shaped  depressions  on  one  side. 
Figure  8  shows  the  second  cut 
and  the  dome  of  the  original 
mound. 


FIGURE  6. 


The  third  cut 
of  five  feet 
brought  to  light 
one  skeleton . 
This  was  found 
near  the  east 
side,  12  feet 
from  the  edge  of 
FIGURE  7.  the  mound  and 

only  one   foot  below  the  bottom   of  the   second   cut.     No   im 
plements  or  ornaments  of  any  sort  were  placed  with  this  skeleton. 


12 


Excavations  of  the  Adcna  Mound. 


It  was  in  a  bad  state  of  preservation  and  only  small  portions  of 
it  could  be  removed.  Near  the  center  of  this  section  were  a  num 
ber  of  deer  bones  which  had  evidently  been  carried  there  with  the 


FIGURE  8. 

sand.  A  number  of  shell  hoes  made  of  the  fresh  water  mussel 
(Unio  plicatus),  were  scattered  through  the  central  portion  of 
the  mound.  These  shell  hoes  were  made  by  cutting  a  hole 

through    the    shell    for   at 
tachment.     Figure  9. — 

The  fourth  cut  of  five 
feet  was  very  interesting. 
Five  skeletons  were  re 
moved  from  this  section. 
Fifteen  feet  from  the  north 
side,  and  almost  upon  the 
base  line,  two  skeletons 
were  found  lying  side  by 
side;  both  were  adults,  the 
one  being  a  male  and  the 


FIGURE  9. 


other    a    female.     No    implements    or    ornaments    were    placed 
with  these  skeletons  but  both  were  in  a  very  bad  state  of  decay, 


Excavations  of  the  Adcna  Mound.  13 

but  the  arm  and  leg  bones  were  removed  in  a  very  good  condition. 
A  little  farther  in  from  the  north  edge  was  found  another  skele 
ton,  upon  the  wrist  of  which  were  two  copper  bracelets;  these 
were  quite  small,  in  fact  they  had  been  hammered  down  so  that 
the  wire  of  which  they  were  made  was  less  than  £  inch  in  diame 
ter  ;  they  were  bent  around  the  wrist,  the  ends  overlapping  each 
other,  very  similar  to  those  found  in  the  second  cut ;  no  other 
implements  or  ornaments  were  found  with  this  skeleton.  On 
the  east  side,  and  2}  feet  from  the  base  of  this  cut,  was  found 
the  skeleton  of  an  adult ;  it  was  lying  at  full  length,  head  to  the 
north ;  around  the  loins  there  was  a  coarsely  woven  cloth,  but 
very  little  of  this  cloth  was  saved  owing  to  the  advanced  stage  of 
decomposition.  No  implements  or  ornaments  of  any  sort  were 
found  with  this  skeleton.  Not  far  from  the  south  side  of  this 
cut  was  found  the  fifth  skeleton;  this  was  very  near  the  edge  of 
the  mound  and  might  have  been  an  intrusive  or  secondary  burial. 
The  skeleton  was  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation,  and  the  skull 
and  bones  were  carefully  removed.  No  implements  or  orna 
ments  of  any  kind  were  found  with  this  skeleton. 

The  mound  had  now  been  removed  to  within  six  feet  of  the 
base.  Heretofore  we  had  commenced  each  five-foot  cut  upon 
the  north  side  of  the  mound ;  this  was  done  to  aid  the  teamsters 
in  removing  the  earth  to  the  railroad  cut.  Of  the  last  six  feet 
only  two  were  removed,  leaving  the  mound  about  four  feet  high 
when  the  work  was  finished.  The  object  was  twofold;  first,  the 
expense  of  removal  of  the  last  four  feet ;  second,  the  owner 
wished  to  have  left  a  part  of  the  mound  to  show  at  least  where 
it  stood ;  yet  all  of  the  dirt  comprising  the  last  six  feet  was  care 
fully  examined. 

The  work  of  examining  the  last  cut  was  begun  on  the  east 
side  of  the  mound.  Commencing  at  the  very  edge  and  following 
the  base  line  it  was  soon  discovered  that  this  line  gradually 
dropped  toward  the  center,  showing  that  the  earth  had  been  re 
moved  forming  a  hollow  basin,  in  the  center  of  which  was  dug 
a  large  grave,  13  feet  9  inches  long,  n  feet  4  inches  wide,  and  6 
feet  9  inches  deep,  digging  more  than  three  feet  into  the  gravel 
below,  showing  that  this  was  the  beginning  of  this  great  mound. 
The  first  skeleton  found  in  this  cut  was  that  of  an  adult,  found 


14 


within  the  original  mound.  This  skeleton  was  placed  in  a  sepul- 
cher  made  of  logs ;  further  examination  of  this  sepulcher  dis 
closed  the  fact  that  it  contained  another  burial,  the  two  burials 
being  parallel,  but  the  skeletons  being  in  reversed  positions ; 
both  were  covered  with  bark,  but  no  traces  of  cloth  were  dis- 


FlGURE    10. 


cernable.  These  skeletons  were  the  largest  so  far  found,  the  first 
one  measuring  5  feet  n  inches,  the  second  5  feet  lof  inches  in 
length.  On  the  right  wrist  of  skeleton  number  one  was  found  a 
slate  gorget.  Figure  10. — Directly  between  the  two  skeletons  was 
found  a  tube  pipe.  Figure  11. — The  pipe  is  made  of  clay,  presum- 


FlGURE    11. 


ably  fire  clay.  The  whole  is  -}  inch  in  diameter,  tapering  to  a 
point  where  it  is  only  £  inch.  The  pipe  is  4  inches  in  length 
and  |  inch  in  diameter.  This  sepulcher  was  constructed  of  un- 
liewn  timbers  varying  in  length  from  8  to  9  feet,  and  in  diameter 
from  6  to  12  inches,  although  in  several  graves  very  much  larger 


l:,.\-C(n'iitions  of  the  Adcna   Mound.  15 

logs  were  found.  These  timbers  were  laid  one  upon  another  to 
a  height  of  2\  feet,  other  timbers  were  then  laid  over  the  top  and 
the  dirt  piled  over  all ;  in  time  these  timbers  rotted  away  and  the 
superincumbent  earth  above  would  drop  into  the  grave,  and  as 
the  sides  and  ends  were  supported,  naturally  the  center  of  the 
grave  would  drop  in  first ;  this  finally  formed  an  archway  of 


FIGURE  12. 

earth  above.  Figure  12.  The  cast  of  one  of  the  timbers  form 
ing  the  rude  sepulcher  is  shown  in  Figure  13.  Skeleton  number 
three  was  found  on  the  north  side  of  the  cut,  near  the  base  line. 
It  was  very  much  decomposed.  The  only  ornament  found  with 
this  skeleton  was  a  bracelet  made  of  bone  beads.  The  skeleton 
was  that  of  an  adult  male. 

Skeleton  number  four  was  only  a  few    feet    from    number 
three,  but  had  a  sepulcher  made  for  it ;    some  of  the  logs  which 


16 


Excavations  of  flic  Adcna  Mound. 


composed  this  sepulcher  were  10  inches  in  diameter.  The  body 
had  evidently  been  previously  buried  in  some  other  place  and 
later  transferred  to  this  mound,  as  the  skull  was  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  grave  with  the  foramen  magnum  turned  upward, 


FIGURE  13. 

and  surrounding  it  were  bones  of  the  leg,  arm,  and  vertebrae.  At 
one  end  were  the  cervical  vertebrae  and  bones  of  the  hand  and 
foot ;  at  the  other  end  were  the  ribs  and  bones  of  the  arm  and 
lower  legs.  Throughout  the  mass  upward  of  200  beads  made  of 


FIGURE  14. 

bone  and  shell  were  found.  The  covering  over  the  top  of  this 
burial  consisted  of  three  layers  of  bark  the  outside  layer  being 
very  heavy  something  like  oak  bark;  the  next  layer  was  of  a 
thinner  bark  something  like  the  elm,  the  inside  layer  being  a  very 


Excavations  of  the  Adcna  Mound. 


17 


thin  bark  very  much  like  the  wild  cherry  or  birch.  Figure  I/) 
shows  a  photograph  of  this  skeleton  as  it  was  uncovered  in  the 
mound. 


FIGURE  15. 

Skeleton  number  five  was  found  on  the  south  side  of  the 
mound  lying  at  full  length,  head  to  the  east  and  4^  feet  from  the 
base  of  the  mound.  This  skeleton  was  5  feet  8^  inches  in  length, 
and  was  that  of  an  adult  male.  Near  the  head  was  a  spearhead 


FIGURE  16. 


of  chalcedony  4  inches  in  length ;  this  spear  is  shown  in  Figure 
15.  Two  very  large  flat  bracelets,  made  of  copper,  were  found 
on  the  right  arm ;  these  were  partly  covered  with  cloth  which  was 
very  nicely  preserved  by  the  carbonate  of  copper.  Figure  16 


IS  I:.\-ca:'alions  of  the  .Licna  M<>"iiJ. 

shows  the  copper  bracelets.  About  three  feet  nearer  the  center 
of  the  mound,  and  on  the  same  level  with  number  five,  was  ex 
humed  skeleton  number  six,  which  was  5  feet  7^  inches  in  length, 
and  was  that  of  an  adult  female.  On  the  right  arm  were  found 
two  bracelets  made  of  copper;  these  bracelets  encircled  a  boat- 
shaped  ornament  pierced  with  two  holes;  through  these  holes 
were  strings  which  had  been  preserved  by  the  action  of  the  cop 
per  ;  these  strings  showed,  too,  that  the  gorget  had  been  attached 
either  to  the  arm  or  to  a  woven  fabric  that  was  found  associated 
with  the  bracelets.  This  boat-shaped  gorget  is  5$  inches  in  length 
and  made  of  limestone;  see  Figure  17,  which  shows  the  position 
in  which  the  gorget  and  bracelets  were  found.  Skeleton  number 


FIGURE  17. 

seven  was  found  not  far  from  number  six,  but  neai  er  to  the  center 
of  the  mound ;  it  was  that  of  an  adult.  The  skeleton  was  placed 
about  4^  feet  from  the  base  of  the  mound.  No  ornaments  of  any 
sort  had  been  buried  with  it  and  it  was  without  even  having  a 
covering  of  bark.  The  skeleton  was  in  a  very  bad  state  of  pres 
ervation,  and  only  a  very  small  portion  of  it  could  be  removed. 
Skeleton  number  eight  was  that  of  a  child  about  six  years  of 
age.  The  skeleton  was  placed  in  a  sepulcher  made  of  unhewn 
logs,  and  was  8  feet  9  inches  in  length,  5  feet  8  inches  in  width 
and  2  feet  9  inches  high,  and  was  placed  on  the  base  of  the  mound. 
The  bottom  of  the  sepulcher  was  covered  with  a  bed  of  fine  gravel 
firmly  packed.  This  gravel,  at  the  south  end  of  the  sepulcher, 
was  three  inches  thick  and  at  the  north  end  2  inches;  over  the 


I:.\-carations  of  the  Adcna  Mound.  1U 

top  of  this  gravel  was  placed  a  layer  of  bark ;  this  bark  seemed 
to  completely  cover  the  bottom  of  the  grave.  The  body  of  the 
child  had  evidently  been  wrapped  in  cloth  from  head  to  foot ; 
over  this  cloth  was  also  a  wrapping  of  birch  bark,  and  then  came 
long  strips  of  wood  which  were  about  one-half  inch  thick  and  2 
inches  wide ;  these  were  placed  entirely  around  the  skeleton,  and 
over  all  was  another  covering  of  bark  which  looked  very  much 
like  the  inner  bark  of  the  bass  wood.  Around  the  neck  of  the 
little  child  two  strings  of  beads  were  found.  The  first  string 
consisted  of  about  fifty  beads  made  of  bone  and  shell  from  one- 
fourth  to  one-half  inch  in  diameter ;  the  other  string  was  very 
much  larger,  and  contained  about  150  beads  made  of  both  shell 
and  bone.  The  cloth  found  around  the  skeleton  was  of  two  kinds ; 
the  greater  part  consisted  of  a  coarsely  woven  mat  resembling 
very  much  the  burlap  of  our  present  time ;  the  other,  which  was 


FIGURE  18. 


placed  around  the  loins,  was  made  of  stronger  and  heavier  ma 
terial  and  was  not  so  closely  woven. 

Skeletons  number  nine  and  ten  were  found  on  the  south  side 
of  the  mound  and  were  placed  together  in  a  sepulcher  made  of 
logs  which  differed  somewhat  from  the  other  sepulchers  so  far 
discovered;  see  Figure  18.  The  sides  of  this  sepulcher  were 
composed  of  large  logs  15  and  16  inches  respectively  in  diameter. 
These  logs  were  placed  near  together  at  the  head  and  extended 
at  an  angle  of  35°  as  shown  in  the  drawing.  The  logs  placed 
over  the  top  as  a  protection  to  the  body  when  placed  in  the  grave 
were  quite  large,  none  of  them  being  less  than  6  inches  in  diame 
ter,  and  the  largest  one  12  inches.  The  skeletons  were  those  of 
adults,  both  being  males,  and  were  in  a  good  state  of  preserva 
tion  ;  around  the  neck  of  one  six  beads  were  found ;  these  were 
about  one-half  inch  in  diameter  and  made  of  bone  finely  polished. 


20  Ji.vcai-alions  of  tl.c  Adcna  Mound. 

No  implements  or  other  ornaments  were  placed  in  the  sepulcher. 
Skeleton  number  eleven  was  that  of  an  adult  male  also  placed 
in  a  sepulcher  made  of  logs,  and  was  8  feet  long  4  feet  wide  and 
18  inches  high;  the  skeleton  was  5  feet  7  inches  in  length. 
Around  the  neck  was  a  necklace  made  of  bone  beads. 

Directly  beneath  this  sepulcher  and  on  the  base  line  of  the 
mound  was  a  great  fireplace,  the  ashes  being  14  inches  in  thick 
ness;  this  was  very  near  to  the  grave  which  was  found  in  the 
center  of  the  mound.  In  these  ashes  was  found  a  great  quantity 
of  burned  mussel  shells,  also  the  bones  of  various  animals ;  these 
were  all  calcined  by  the  heat  but  enough  was  left  to  identify  them ; 
those  removed  from  the  ashes  were  the  wild  turkey,  trumpeter 
swan,  Virginia  deer,  black  bear  and  raccoon;  not  a  particle  of 
charcoal  was  found  in  this  fireplace,  showing  that  the  fire  had 
burned  entirely  out  before  it  was  covered  up.  This  fireplace  on 
the  east  side  of  the  large  central  grave  corresponded  to  one  found 
later  on  the  west  side  of  the  grave. 

Skeleton  number  twelve  was  that  of  an  adult  male,  placed 
k.  a  large  sepulcher  made  of  logs.  This  sepulcher  was  12  feet 
long,  7  feet  wide  and  2\  feet  high ;  the  largest  logs  were  placed 
at  the  bottom  and  measured  io|  inches  in  diameter.  In  speaking 
of  the  logs  which  composed  the  sepulchers  of  this  mound  it  will 
be  understood  that  nothing  is  left  of  the  logs  but  the  molds.  The 
bottom  of  this  sepulcher  was  covered  with  bark  which  consisted 
of  several  layers.  The  skeleton  was  perfectly  wrapped  in  bark, 
the  outside  being  of  a  coarse  quality  and  resembling  very  much 
the  bark  which  covered  the  bottom  of  this  sepulcher;  the  next 
two  layers  were  evidently  birch  bark.  Around  the  neck  of  the 
skeleton  was  a  great  quantity  of  beads  made  from  small  ocean 
shells ;  around  the  wrist  were  also  a  number  of  beads,  but  these 
were  made  in  the  shape  of  small  disks  one-fourth  inch  in  diame 
ter,  and  were  made  of  the  leg  bones  of  the  deer  and  elk.  This 
sepulcher  was  placed  on  the  base  line. 

Skeleton  number  thirteen  was  that  of  an  adult  and  was  placed 
about  2.\  feet  above  the  base  line,  and  very  near  the  sepulcher 
which  was  occupied  by  number  twelve.  The  log  molds  of  the  se 
pulcher  showed  that  only  small  pieces  of  wood  were  used  in  its 
construction.  No  implements  or  ornaments  were  placed  with  this 


Excavations  of  the  Adena  Mound.  21 

i 

skeleton.  About  two  feet  from  the  head  of  this  skeleton  was 
found  a  shell  hoe,  very  much  worn  and  which  no  doubt  had  been 
lost.  Further  excavations  on  the  base  line  of  the  south  side  of 
the  mound  disclosed  skeleton  number  fourteen,  which  was  5  feet 
8  inches  in  length  and  badly  decomposed.  At  the  head  were 
placed  three  large  stone  slabs  and  at  the  foot  four,  and  connecting 
the  tops  of  the  slabs  were  large  logs  ranging  in  diameter  from 
3  to  9  inches.  On  the  right  arm  of  the  skeleton  were  placed  four 
copper  bracelets  made  of  heavy  copper,  several  of  which  were 
almost  one-half  inch  in  diameter;  some  of  these  were  covered 
with  cloth.  On  the  left  arm  were  also  four  copper  bracelets, 
identical  in  every  particular  with  the  ones  found  on  the  right 
arm.  Around  the  head  was  a  string  of  beads  made  in  the  form 


FIGURE  19. 

of  disks,  averaging  one-half  inch  in  diameter;  these  numbered 
upward  of  200.  Around  the  loins  was  also  a  string  of  beads 
of  the  same  kind ;  at  the  feet  were  some  broken  pieces  of  diorite, 
several  of  which  showed  that  they  had  been  used  while  others 
showed  that  they  were  in  the  process  of  manufacture  of  some 
implement.  Approaching  the  center  of  the  mound  it  was  dis 
covered  that  a  grave  was  located  below  the  base  line,  by  the  ap 
pearance  of  gravel  which  had  evidently  been  thrown  out  of  the 
center  grave  on  all  sides;  see  Figure  19.  This  center  grave  was 
quite  large,  being  13  feet  9  inches  long,  n  feet  4  inchs  wide,  6 
feet  9  inches  deep,  measuring  from  the  base  line;  this  is  also 
shown  in  Figure  19.  The  bottom  of  the  grave  was  covered  with 
a  layer  of  bark  which  extended  up  the  sides  of  the  grave  and 
over  the  surrounding  surface  for  ten  feet  on  all  sides.  Upon 


22 


Excavations  of  the  Adcna  Mound. 


this  layer  of  bark,  at  the  bottom  of  the  grave,  was  the  skeleton  of 
an  adult  male  5  feet  9^  inches  in  length,  with  head  to  the  south. 
The  skeleton  had  been  wrapped  in  three  distinct  layers  of  bark, 
and  was  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation;  the  skull  was  badly 
crushed  and  several  of  the  arm  bones  were  broken;  the  tibia 
and  fibula  of  both  legs  were  painted  red ;  evidently  the  flesh  had 
been  removed  from  the  bones,  the  paint  then  placed  around  them 
and  the  whole  then  covered  with  a  plaster  made  of  mud.  Around 


FIGURE  20. 

the  feet  and  loins  was  found  the  remnant  of  a  woven  fabric  simi 
lar  to  the  fabrics  already  described.  Near  the  feet  were  nine 
large  leaf-shaped  knives  made  of  flint  obtained  from  Flint  Ridge ; 
these  were  finely  wrought  and  ranged  in  length  from  three  to 
four  inches;  see  Figure  20.  Between  the  right  and  left  tibias, 
but  nearer  to  the  right,  was  found  a  tablet  4  inches  long  by  2.\ 
inches  wide  and  one-half  inch  thick.  This  tablet  is  made  of  a 
fine  grained  sandstone,  the  edges  all  being  beveled,  both  sides 
being  similar.  On  one  side,  near  the  center,  are  two  long  inden- 


Excavations  of  the  Adcna  Mound. 


23 


tations,  both  extending  the  long  way  of  the  tablet ;  also  two  other 
indentations  at  almost  right  angles  to  those  extending  the  long 
way.  This  tablet  was  no  doubt  used  in  the  manufacture  of  bone 


:  .'••-;.W&'*:-::-Z*&!<!A' •'••.'•'••••••••'  '  T-^%:  -;v.  /l6l      •    i'.\"!'.:.S 


M:-M^-  .;-.'/^:';>fc-  -..-'.y 


FIGURE  21. 

implements  and  ornaments.  Figure  21.  To  the  side  of  the  right 
tibia  and  directly  opposite  the  tablet  were  found  two  leaf-shaped 
knives  similar  in  every  respect  to  those  found  at  the  feet ;  a  large 


FIGURE  22. 


slab  of  flint  broken  into  shape  preparatory  to  its  being  manufac 
tured  into  a  knife,  and  several  scrapers  made  of  flint.  Near  the 
last  mentioned  flint  pieces  three  incisor  teeth  of  the  beaver  were 


24 


Excavations  of  the  Adcna  }lound. 


FIGURE 


found ;  these  were  not  perforated,  neither 
did  they  show  that  they  had  been  worked 
in  any  way,  yet  they  could  have  been  used 
as  tools.  With  the  beaver  teeth  were  two 
pieces  of  rib  bones,  presumably  those  of 
the  elk,  one  end  of  which  had  been  cut 
square  while  the  other  was  cut  in  the 
form  of  a  comb,  each  piece  having  six 
teeth.  The  pieces  were  no  doubt  fas 
tened  together,  as  is  shown  by  the  draw 
ing  Figure  22,  as  they  were  in  this  posi 
tion  when  found.  They  were  carefully 
removed,  and  it  was  supposed  at  the  time 
that  the  comb  had  been  made  of  one  piece 
of  bone  instead  of  two;  each  piece  is  2 
inches  long  by  i-J  inches  wide.  On  the 
outside  of  the  left  tibia  were  n  large 
awls,  all  made  of  the  shoulder  blade  of 
the  elk;  these  were  very  beautifully 
wrought;  see  Figure  23.  They  range  in 
length  from  6  to  n  inches.  With  these 
awls  was  found  a  needle  7^  inches  in 
length,  one  end  having  a  very  sharp 
almost  round  end  but  gradually  tapering 
and  flattening  toward  the  other  end, 
where  it  was  pierced  by  a  small  hole  -| 
inch  in  diameter ;  see  Figure  24.  Around 
the  head  of  the  skeleton  but  mostly  to  the 
left  were  twelve  awls  made  of  the  shoul 
der  blade  of  the  Virginia  deer ;  these  were 
in  every  respect  similar  to  those  found 
near  the  left  tibia,  and  varied  in  length 
from  5  to  6  inches. 

On  each  side  of  the  head  were  found 
two  perforated  canines  of  the  mountain 
lion;  these  were  no  doubt  used  for  ear 
ornaments.  Directly  above  the  skeleton 
was  placed  a  large  quantity  of  bark,  four  FIGURE"  24 


§?& 

p! 


Excavations  of  the  Adena  Mou:\l.  25 

layers  being  distinctly  visible,  yet  from  the  quantity  that  was 
found  it  is  evident  that  many  more  layers  of  bark  were  placed 
there  at  the  time  of  burial.  Directly  over  this  bark  was^a  layer 
of  ashes  3  inches  in  thickness ;  in  these  ashes  were  found  the 
calcined  bones  of  two  distinct  human  skeletons,  one  being  that  of 
an  adult  while  the  other  was  that  of  a  child.  Various  portions 
of  the  skull  and  of  the  large  bones  were  found,  showing  that  the 
human  body  had  been  cremated  and  the  ashes  and  bones  that 
were  left  had  been  placed  over  the  grave.  With  these  bones,  were 
also  found  scattered  through  the  ashes,  the  remains  of  the  deer, 
elk,  black  bear,  raccoon,  otter,  beaver,  wild  turkey,  trumpeter 
swan  and  great  horned  owl;  these  bones  were  freely  mingled 
with  those  of  the  human  bones.  The  bones  no  doubt  comprise 
the  remains  of  a  sacrifice  made  near  this  center  grave  in  the  great 
fireplaces  spoken  of,  after  which  the  ashes  and  calcined  bones  were 
gathered  up  and  deposited  over  these  remains.  Immediately 
above  the  ashes  was  placed  a  layer  of  logs  ranging  in  thickness 
from  5  to  7  inches ;  these  were  placed  in  the  side  of  the  grave  and 
covered  over  with  small  sticks.  Upon  this  covering  of  small 
sticks  and  immediately  above  the  feet  of  the  skeleton  placed  at 
the  bottom  of  the  grave,  and  at  right  angles  to  it,  was  the  skeleton 
of  a  male  adult  5  feet  8  inches  in  length.  The  skeleton  was  cov 
ered  with  a  layer  of  bark ;  no  implements  or  ornaments  were 
placed  with  this  burial.  Finding  the  skeleton  placed  in  this  po 
sition  might  lead  one  to  surmise  that  there  had  been  a  human  sac 
rifice,  and  this  sacrifice  placed  at  the  feet  of  the  lower  skeleton; 
yet  nothing  in  the  burial  would  show  that  such  was  the  case. 
There  might  have  been  some  little  time  elapsed  between  the  first 
and  second  burials  in  this  grave,  yet  no  evidence  was  found  to 
verify  this  fact.  Immediately  above  the  skeleton  was  placed 
another  layer  of  logs,  the  logs  being  covered  with  small  limbs ; 
above  this  was  another  layer  of  logs  with  brush  and  small  limbs 
placed  over  the  top.  It  is  evident  that  no  soil  was  placed  in  this 
grave,  and  only  the  dirt  was  placed  over  the  last  layer  of  brush 
and  the  mound  heaped  over  all ;  this  is  readily  seen  in  the  arched 
roof  made  by  the  dropping  down  of  the  superincumbent  earth 
above,  as  the  logs  and  sticks  would  rot  away  and  leave  the  earth 
drop  into  the  grave  below. 


26 


Excavations  of  t/ic  Adaia  Mound. 


Fifteen  feet  directly  southwest  of  the  center  of  the  mound 
was  found  skeleton  number  seventeen,  which  was  that  of  an  adult 
male  5  feet  8  inches  in  length.  The  skeleton  was  placed  in  a 
sepulcher  made  of  logs  which  consisted  of  two  very  large  logs 
placed  by  the  side  of  the  body,  and  smaller  logs  placed  over  the 
top  as  a  covering.  This  skeleton  was  noted  for  its  singularly 
heavy  bones.  Upon  the  right  arm  had  been  placed  a  string  of 
bear  claws,  fifteen  in  number;  these  had  evidently  been  used  as 
a  bracelet. 

Skeleton  number  nineteen  was  placed  directly  west  of  the 
center  of  the  mound.  It  was  that  of  an  adult  male  5  feet  7f 
inches  in  length.  Around  the  neck  had  been  placed  a  string  of 
beads;  these  were  made  of  bone  one-half  inch  in  diameter  and 


FIGURE  25. 

one-eighth  inch  in  thickness.  These  disks  looked  very  much 
as  though  they  had  been  sawed  out,  so  perfectly  were  they  made. 
Skeleton  number  twenty  was  that  of  an  adult  male  5  feet  nf 
inches  in  length,  having  very  large  bones.  This  was  the  largest 
skeleton  found  in  the  entire  mound.  Near  the  right  wrist  was  a 
gorget,  perforated  with  two  holes  similar  in  shape  to  Figure  10 ; 
this  is  made  of  limestone.  In  the  right  hand  was  a  large  spear 
5  inches  in  length,  and  made  of  Flint  Ridge  chalcedony ;  see  Fig 
ure  25.  Near  the  left  knee  was  found  a  tubular  pipe  5  inches  in 
length  and  very  well  made.  The  material  of  which  this  pipe  is 
composed  is  clay,  presumably  fire  clay,  and  is  of  the  same  material 
used  in  all  of  the  pipes  found  in  this  mound.  At  the  right  knee 
was  found  three  round  stones  which  were  made  from  diorite; 
they  were  2,  if  and  i£  inches  respectively  in  diameter.  It  is  no 


Excavations  of  the  Adcna  Mon::d. 


27 


doubt  but  that  these  round  stones  were  used  in  making  some  im 
plement  of  warfare. 

Skeleton  number  twenty-one,  placed  on  the  north  side  of  the 
mound,  was  perhaps  the  richest  of  the  mound  finds.  The  skele 
ton  was  placed  in  a  sepulcher  made  of  very  large  logs ;  the  one 
on  the  outside  measured  17  inches  in  diameter  and  was  16  feet 
in  length ;  the  log  which  formed  the  inside  of  the  sepulcher  was 
i2f  inches  in  diameter  and  19  feet  in  length.  The  two  logs  were 
placed  eight  feet  apart;  the  top  was  covered  with  smaller  logs 
varying  in  diameter  from  3  to  7  inches ;  these  were  placed  very 
close  together.  Between  the  larger  logs  smaller  poles  and  brush 


FIGURE  26. 

were  placed.  The  skeleton  was  placed  with  its  head  to  the  east, 
and  upon  a  covering  of  bark  which  seemed  to  envelope  the  entire 
bottom  of  the  sepulcher.  Implements  and  ornaments  were  pro 
miscuously  placed  in  this  sepulcher.  The  beads  were  found  very 
near  the  skeleton;  about  500  of  these  were  composed  of  shell, 
and  about  the  same  number  of  bone  and  fresh  water  pearls.  Near 
the  left  knee  were  found  very  large  beads  made  of  shell ;  see 
Figure  26. 

Here  also  was  found  an  ornament  made  of  shell,  no  doubt 
the  effigy  of  a  raccoon ;  see  Figure  27.  On  the  back  of 
this  effigy  were  two  counter  sunk  holes  for  attachment.  Near 
the  head  were  found  three  spear  points  made  of  the  antler  of  the 


28 


Excavations  of  the  Adcna  Mound. 


deer ;  seven  arrowheads,  and  three  knives  made  of  chalcedony  from 
Flint  Ridge.  On  the  right  hand  of  the  skeleton  were  found  three 
arrowpoints  made  from  the  same  material  as  the  other  seven. 
The  pearl  and  bone  beads  were  placed  around  the  neck  in  three 
strings,  while  the  shell  beads  were  placd  near  the  right  wrist  and 
seemed  to  have  been  attached  to  a  coarse  cloth  which  evidently 


FIGURE  27. 

surrounded  the  loins.  Near  the  left  hand  was  found  an  effigy 
pipe ;  see  Figure  28,  front  view ;  Figure  2g,  side  view ;  Figure 
30,  back  view.  This  pipe  is  8  inches  in  length,  and  is  composed  of 
clay,  resembling  the  fire  clay  found  in  Scioto  county,  which  is 
further  south  but  in  the  same  valley.  The  pipe  is  tubular  in  form, 
the  hole  extending  the  entire  length  of  the  body ;  the  large  open 
ing  is  between  the  feet,  having  a  hole  f  inch  in  diameter.  Within 
an  inch  of  the  top  of  the  head  it  begins  to  narrow  down  to  a  very 
small  aperture  £  inch  in  diameter.  The  mouthpiece  formed  a 
part  of  the  head  dress  of  the  image.  The  front  part  of  the  pipe 
is  of  a  light  gray  in  color  while  the  back  part  is  of  a  brick  red. 
The  specimen  is  covered  with  a  deposit  of  iron  ore ;  this 
appears  in  small  blotches  over  the  entire  surface  of  the  specimen, 
the  one  side  of  the  face  and  body  being  more  densely  covered  with 
it  than  the  other  parts  of  the  pipe. 

The  effigy  represents  the  human  form  in  the  nude  state  with 
the  exception  of  the  covering  around  the  loins;  this  covering 
extends  around  the  body  and  is  tied  in  the  back,  the  ends  of  the 
covering  hang  down  and  serve  as  ornaments.  On  the  front  of 
this  covering  is  a  serpentine  or  scroll-like  ornamentation.  From 
the  lobe  of  each  ear  is  hung  an  ear  ornament  which  is  quite  large 
in  proportion  to  the  ear,  and  resembles  very  much  the  button- 


(29) 


FIGURE  28. 


FIGURE  29. 


(30) 


FIGURE  30. 


(31) 


32  Excavations  of  the  Adena  Mound. 

shaped  copper  ornaments  which  are  so  frequently  found  in  the 
mounds  of  the  Scioto  valley.  However,  none  of  these  ornaments 
have  been  found  in  this  mound,  but  quite  a  number  have  been 
found  in  the  immediate  neighborhood. 

The  next  skeleton  found  was  on  the  west  side  of  the  mound. 
It  was  outside  of  the  original  mound  and  was  in  a  fair  state  of 
preservation.  It  was  that  of  an  adult  male,  5  feet  8^  inches  in 
length.  No  implements  or  ornaments  were  placed  with  this 
skeleton. 

To  the  north  and  outside  of  the  original  mound  another 
skeleton  was  found ;  this  was  in  a  splendid  state  of  preservation 
and  the  skeleton  was  removed  in  good  condition.  No  implements 
or  ornaments  were  placed  with  this  skeleton. 


PART    II 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound 
and   Village  Site 


Si  ? 

v 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner 
Mound  and  Village  Site 


BY 


WILLIAM  C.  MILLS,   M.  Sc. 

(Curator,   Ohio  State  Archaeological   and   Historical  Society) 


Reprint  from  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and   Historical  Quarterly 
Volume  XIII,   Number  2. 


Columbus 

PRESS   OF   FRED.    J.    HEER 
1904 


NOTE. 

This  report  is  reprinted  from  the  thirteenth  annual  publi 
cation  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society, 
for  the  convenience  of  those  who  are  only  interested  in  the  Arch 
aeological  Department  of  the  Society.  The  annuals  complete  are 
sent  only  to  members  of  the  Society  or  others  especially  entitled 

to  them. 

E.  O.  RANDALL,  Secretary, 

Columbus,  Ohio. 
(4) 


EXPLORATIONS  OF  THE  GARTNER   MOUND  AND 
VILLAGE  SITE. 


WM.    C.    MILLS,    CURATOR  OF  THE    STATE  ARCH.   AND   HIST.    SOCIETY. 

The  Gartner  mound,  located  partly  upon  the  land  of  Mr. 
Adam  Gartner  and  partly  upon  that  of  Miss  Elizabeth  Lievy, 
is  situated  about  six  miles  north  of  Chillicothe,  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Scioto  river.  The  river  bank,  at  this  point,  is  quite  high, 
upward  of  70  feet  above  low  water  mark,  and  is  very  irregular, 
with  here  and  there  spurs  running  up  to  the  river,  which  in 
several  instances  are  almost  perpendicular.  The  mound  in  ques 
tion  is  located  upon  one  of  these  spurs.  However,  this  particular 
spur  is  quite  large  and  the  banks  are  not  quite  so  abrupt  as  in 
other  places  along  the  river.  The  north  side  of  the  mound,  or 
the  part  situated  upon  the  land  of  Miss  Lievy  and  which  con 
stitutes  about  one-third  of  the  mound,  had  never  been  disturbed 
by  the  plow  and  was  covered  with  a  dense  tangle  of  grape  vines 
and  small  trees ;  while  the  other  two-thirds  upon  the  land  of 
Mr.  Adam  Gartner  had  been  under  cultivation  for  a  number 
of  years,  consequently  that  portion  had  been  lowered  about  ten 
inches.  The  mound  at  the  time  work  began  was  7  feet  6  inches 
in  height,  having  a  diameter  of  75  feet.  Surrounding  the  mound 
is  the  prehistoric  village  site  similar  to  the  Baum  village  site, 
which  surrounds  a  large  truncated  mound*.  Around  the  mound, 
upon  all  sides,  particularly  to  the  south,  are  traces  of  former 
Indian  occupation.  Numerous  fragments  of  pottery,  similar  in 
texture  and  ornamental  feature  to  those  found  in  the  mound, 
bestrew  the  ground.  Intermingled  with  these  were  the  valves  of 
mussel  shells,  arrow-heads,  pitted  stones,  implements  and  orna 
ments  made  of  bone,  stone,  and  shell  and  the  bones  of  various 
wild  animals,  which  were  used  for  food. 


*  The  village  site  is  situated  along  Paint  Creek  a  few  miles  south 
west  of  the  small  village  of  Bourneville,  Ross  County,  Ohio.  A  prelimin 
ary  account  is  given  in  Vol.  X.  page  78,  of  the  Society's  publications. 

(5) 


6        Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

The  soil  from  which  the  mound  was  made  had  evidently 
been  collected  from  the  village  site  and  from  the  subterranean 
storehouses  as  they  were  dug  from  time  to  time  as  evidenced  by 
thin  layers  ^of  fine  gravel  and  sand  placed  over  a  number  of  the 
burials  which  had  been  procured  from  the  bottom  of  these  pits. 
Hut,  in  every  portion  of  the  mound,  various  implements  and 
ornaments  were  found  intermingled  with  the  soil  and  gravel. 
Here  also  were  found  animal  bones  and  mussel  shells  which  had 
evidently  been  gathered  up  with  the  soil  from  the  village,  as  each 
successive  burial  was  added  to  the  mound. 

The  mound  was  made  up  of  three  separate  and  distinct  sec 
tions  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  i.  The  burials  in  the  first  section 
differed  greatly  from  those  in  the  second  and  third,  which  were 
similar.  In  the  first  section  the  bodies  had  been  cremated  and 


"LJ LJ 


FIG.    I.      SHOWS    MOUND   SECTIONS    AND   BURIALS. 


the  ashes  with  the  personal  belongings  had  been  deposited  upon 
a  prepared  platform  of  earth  ;  while  in  the  second  and  third  sec 
tions  the  inhumation  of  the  bodies  were  in  every  portion  of  the 
mound  as  well  as  below  the  base.  Section  Xo.  i,  which  is  to 
the  north,  covers  the  site  of  an  aboriginal  domicile  and  was  begun 
by  carrying  earth  over  an  area  34  feet  east  and  west,  and  23  feet 
north  and  south  to  a  depth  of  six  inches.  Over  the  top  of  this 
was  placed  tamped  clay,  which  had  evidently  been  secured  while 
digging  the  subterranean  pits  used  for  the  storage  of  corn, 
beans,  etc.,  and  which  occur  in  every  portion  of  the  village. 
This  clay  had  no  doubt  been  puddled  and  then  placed  in  position 
and  made  as  level  as  a  floor  and  this  served  as  a  platform  to  re 
ceive  the  ashes  of  the  cremated  dead,  which  ashes  irregularly 
covered  the  platform  to  a  depth  of  from  six  inches  to  two  and 
one-half  feet.  With  the  ashes  were  unburned  animal  bones,  which 
had  been  intermingled  with  the  incinerated  human  bones  as  well 
as  implements  and  ornaments  made  of  bone,  stone,  and  shell, 


Explorations  of  fhc  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.         7 


8        Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

which  were  no  doubt  the  personal  property  of  the  deceased.  The 
animals  identified  as  they  were  removed  from  these  ashes  were 
the  black  bear,  beaver,  deer,  elk,  raccoon,  wolf,  gray  fox,  musk 
rat,  ground  hog,  opossum  and  mink.  The  bones  of  various  birds 
such  as  the  wild  turkey,  great  horned  owl,  trumpeter  swan  and 
wild  goose,  were  also  found.  Quantities  of  mussel  shells,  as 
well  as  the  bones  of  the  fresh  water  drum,  were  also  removed. 
Of  the  implements,  the  awl,  made  from  the  tarsometatarsus  of 
the  wild  turkey,  was  perhaps  the  most  frequently  met  with. 
These  awls  were  found  in  every  portion  of  the  ashes  and  in  fact 
every  stage  in  the  manufacture  of  this  most  useful  implement 
was  procured.  Scrapers,  made  of  the  metapodal  bones  of  the 
deer  and  elk  were  also  removed  in  a  perfect  state  from  the 
ashes.  However,  the  broken  halves  of  these  scrapers  were  very 
abundant  in  other  portions  of  the  mound,  but  only  a  few  were 
taken  from  the  ashes  on  the  platform.  Perfect  fish  hooks  made  of 
bone,  as  well  as  those  in  various  stages  of  the  manufacture  of  this 
implement  were  found  intermingled  with  the  ashes.  Shell  disks 
or  gorgets,  varying  in  diameter  from  one  to  two  inches,  were 
frequently  found.  These  were  made  of  shell  both  foreign  and 
of  the  common  fresh-water  mussel  shells  from  the  river.  They 
are  circular  in  form,  having  two  small  perforations  near  the  edge 
for  attachment  and  a  much  larger  perforation  near  the  center, 
which  was,  no  doubt,  set  with  pearls  as  \ve  were  able  to  find  in  a 
grave  in  section  3  of  the  mound,  a  small  shell  gorget  set  with  a 
fresh- water  pearl. 

The  mound  was  entirely  removed  from  the  platform  pre 
viously  described  and  its  extent  fully  known  before  examination 
was  made  of  the  soil  beneath.  Fig.  2  shows  a  photograph  of  the 
platform.  Beneath  the  platform,  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  I,  were 
found  the  remains  of  the  refuse  pits,  fireplaces,  and  even  the  post 
molds  of  their  little  tepees  were  visible.  The  pits,  also  the  imple 
ments  and  ornaments  taken  from  them,  were  similar  in  every  re 
spect  to  those  found  in  the  village  surrounding  the  mound  as  well 
as  those  found  in  the  Paint  Creek  valley.  No  burials,  other  than 
those  of  the  cremated,  were  placed  directly  upon  the  platform, 
and  a  thorough  examination  of  the  ground  beneath  revealed  no 
burials  there,  but  3^  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  platform  were 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 


io       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  I  'illagc  Site. 

three  burials  which  had  been  placed  there  before  the  second  section 
found,  was  begun.  In  the  second  section  the  burials  were  placed 
below  the  base  line  as  well  as  above  it,  but  none  were  found  di 
rectly  on  the  base  line.  An  interesting  feature  of  several  of  the 
burials  was  the  rinding  of  clay  mixed  with  broken  quartz  pebbles 
and  broken  shell  ready  to  be  made  into  pottery  placed  in  a  nitch  in 
the  grave  near  the  head.  Fig.  3  shows  one  of  these  graves.  In 
several  instances  this  prepared  clay  was  accompanied  by  a 
large  mussel  shell  and  perhaps  a  well-wrought  awl :  in  other 
instances  this  clay  was  surrounded  with  small  river  boulders 
varying  in  diameter  from  two  to  three  inches.  The  small  boul 
ders  were  usually  piled  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid  over  the  top 
of  this  clay.  In  one  instance  sixty  of  them  were  removed.  The 
burials  that  were  placed  above  the  base  line  were  usually  about 
3^  feet  above  the  base.  The  burials  in  the  third  section  were 
mostly  below  the  base  line  and  consisted  for  the  most  part  of 
adults,  resembling  both  in  stature  and  mode  of  burial  those  of 
the  first  and  second  sections.  However,  one  skeleton  measured 
5  feet  lof  inches  in  height,  the  largest  taken  from  the  mound ; 
the  average  height  of  adults  taken  from  this  mound  being 
5  feet  /f  inches.  The  third  section  excelled  in  the  number 
and  quality  of  the  ornaments  and  implements  placed  with  the 
dead.  One  grave  contained  a  necklace  made  of  27  perforated 
canine  teeth  of  the  gray  wolf  and  mountain  lion  ;  another  a  shell 
gorget  set  with  a  large  fresh-water  pearl ;  another  an  earthen 
jar  which  was  removed  in  a  perfect  condition,  the  only  whole 
piece  of  pottery  taken  from  an  Olio  nvmnd  in  a  number  of 
years ;  from  another  a  number  of  perforated  and  worked  wild 
turkey's  heads,  each  containing  from  three  to  five  small  quartz 
pebbles.  The  heads  were  attached  to  the  leg  just  below  the 
knee  and  perhaps  served  as  an  ornamental  rattle.  During  the 
explorations  at  the  Baum  Village  aloir*  Paint  Creek,  these  per 
forated  heads  of  the  wild  turkey,  as  well  as  several  specimens  of 
wild  duck,  were  found  in  goodly  numbers  and  caused  much 
speculation  as  to  their  use.  However,  the  find  in  this  mound 
has  practically  solved  the  problem. 

The  examination  of  this  mound  has  been  of  two-fold  inter 
est:  First,  the  village  existed  before  the  mound  was  built,  as 
evidenced  by  the  existence  of  the  remains  of  a  domicile  beneath 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       n 


12       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

the  platform,  which  was  the  first  portion  of  the  mound  that  was 
built  and  which  was  used  as  a  depository  for  the  ashes  of  the 
dead;  second,  that  cremation  of  the  dead  was  practiced  for  a 
long  period  as  shown  by  the  great  accumulation  of  incinerated 
human  bones  piled  upon  this  platform,  which  was  23  feet  wide 
by  34  feet  long  to  the  height  of  2-i  feet  at  the  center.  Further 
proof  of  this  method  of  disposing  of  the  dead  was  furnished  by 
finding  the  crematory  in  which  the  bodies  were  prepared  for  the 
last  sad  rites.  This  crematory  was  16  feet  wide  and  more  than 
twice  that  in  length  and  contained  the  half-charred  remains  of  a 
human  body  surrounded  with  charcoal  and  ashes,  showing  that 
the  work  of  cremation  had  been  brought  suddenly  to  a  close  and 
the  crematory  with  its  half-burned  human  skeleton  was  covered 
with  earth,  and  a  mound  heaped  over  the  ashes  upon  the  platform, 
blotting  out  all  traces  of  the  practice  of  cremating  the  dead,  and 
inhumation  in  the  regular  way  followed.  The  question  naturally 
arises,  What  caused  this  sudden  change  in  the  mode  of  disposing 
of  the  dead?  The  answer  can  only  be  conjecture.  It  occurred 
to  me  that  perhaps  the  first  occupants  of  the  village  were  driven 
away  by  an  enemy  and  the  newcomers  had  different  rites  and 
ceremonies  in  disposing  of  their  dead.  But  a  comparison  of  the 
artifacts  taken  from  the  refuse  pits  beneath  the  platform  and 
from  the  ashes  upon  the  platform,  with  those  taken  from  the 
other  sections  of  the  mound  shows  definitely,  that  they  are  simi 
lar  both  in  design  and  workmanship.  Consequently,  this  cannot 
be  assigned  a  reason  for  the  sudden  change  in  the  manner  of 
disposing  of  the  dead.  However,  I  am  inclined  to  believe,  from 
the  evidence  obtained  by  the  explorations,  that  the  inhabitants 
suddenly  left  their  village  either  voluntarily  or  were  driven  away 
by  an  enemy  and  sojourned  for  a  time  with  a  tribe  having  a 
different  mode  of  disposing  of  their  dead  and  upon  their  return 
they  continued  the  practice  of  their  neighbors. 

DETAILED  ACCOUNT  OF  THK  MOTND  EXPLORATION. 

The  work  of  examining  this  mound  was  begun  at  the  base 
line  on  the  east  side  and  carried  forward  due  west  until  the 
large  platform  was  found  and  partly  uncovered,  then  the  exami 
nation  continued  from  the  north  and  west  in  order  to  uncover  the 
platform  so  its  extent  might  be  fully  ascertained.  The  portion 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       13 

of  the  mound  located  upon  the  land  of  Miss  Lievy  was  covered, 
near  the  base,  with  a  leaf  mold  from  seven  to  ten  inches  thick. 
Beneath  the  leaf  mold  was  a  dark  earth  filled  with  animal  bones, 
such  as  the  deer,  which  constituted  75%  of  all  the  bones,  the 
raccoon,  gray  fox,  mountain  lion,  wild  cat,  beaver,  musk  rat, 
opossum,  squirrel  and  Indian  dog.  Bones  of  the  wild  turkey 
were  quite  abundant,  yet  the  bones  of  the  wild  goose  and  great 
horned  owl  were  also  mingled  with  the  black  soil.  This  dark 
earth  was  also  rich  in  implements  such  as  bone  awls,  scrapers, 
celts,  flint  arrow-points,  as  well  as  ornaments  made  of  bone  and 
shell.  At  the  very  edge  of  the  mound  was  found  the  skeleton 
of  an  adult  lying  upon  the  right  side  with  the  head  bent  forward 
and  the  legs  flexed  so  that  the  knees  were  in  close  proximity  to 
the  head.  The  body  had  been  placed  upon  the  base  of  the  mound 
and  was  covered  with  less  than  one  foot  of  earth.  However,  it 
could  not  be  considered  an  intrusive  burial,  as  the  small  layer  of 
gravel  which  covered  the  mound  about  six  inches  above  the 
burial  had  not  been  disturbed.  No  implements  or  ornaments  of 
any  kind  were  placed  with  this  burial.  It  was  found  in  section  2. 

Skeleton  No.  2  was  that  of  a  child  about  one  year  old.  It 
was  placed  directly  to  the  east  of  the  center  and  on  the  base 
line. 

Skeleton  No.  3  was  that  of  an  adult  and  was  placed  2| 
feet  above  the  base  line.  The  mound  at  this  point  was  five  feet 
high.  This  skeleton  was  found  in  section  3  of  the  mound. 

Skeleton  No.  4  was  placed  in  close  proximity  to  skeleton  2  in 
section  2,  but  was  placed  in  a  grave  two  feet  below  the  base  line. 
It  was  that  of  an  adult  male.  In  a  nitch  near  the  head  of  the 
skeleton  were  found  a  large  number  of  round  boulders  varying 
in  diameter  from  two  to  three  inches.  These  were  placed  in  a 
pile  in  regular  order  around  a  mass  of  clay  which  had  been  mixed 
with  broken  quartz  and  this  clay  was,  no  doubt,  intended  to  be 
made  into  pottery.  Near  the  pile  of  boulders  was  also  placed 
several  valves  of  mussel  shells  and  a  well-wrought  awl  six  inches 
in  length.  At  the  back  of  the  head  was  placed  a  fine  discoidal 
stone  made  of  granite  porphyry  3!  inches  in  diameter  and  2 
inches  thick,  each  side  hollowed  out  and  pierced  with  a  hole 
one-half  inch  in  diameter  at  the  center.  The  outer  edges  are? 
convex.  The  whole  specimen  is  highly  polished  with  the  ex- 


14       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

ception  of  the  concave  sides,  which  seem  to  have  been  freshly 
pecked.  This  is  readily  seen  on  both  sides  of  the  stone.  See 
Fig1  4.  At  the  right  side  was  placed  a  large  stone  implement 
perhaps  a  war  club,  made  of  limestone.  It  is  2^  feet  long,  3  inches 
wide  and  2  inches  thick.  The  stone  is  smaller  at  one  end  and 
the  edge  has  been  rounded  and  has  the  appearance  of  being 
water  worn  with  the  exception  of  a  few  places  which  show  the 
hand  work  of  man.  Fig.  5  shows  the  skeleton  with  the  discoidal 
at  the  rear  of  the  head  and  the  war  club  lying  on  the  right  side 
of  the  head.  From  around  the  neck  of  the  skeleton  was  removed 


FIG.    4.      DISCOIDAL    FOUND     WITH     SKELETON     NO.    4. 
ONE-HALF    NATURAL   SIZE. 

three  perfect  crescents  made  of  mussel  shells ;  these  are  shown 
in  Fig.  6.  The  largest  one,  which  is  pierced  with  two  holes,  is 
2^  inches  in  length  and  is  not  decorated.  The  second  crescent, 
which  was  hung  directly  below  the  first,  is  two  inches  in  length 
and  pierced  with  one  hole,  but  is  decorated  with  notched  edges. 
The  third  crescent,  which  is  I  1-3  inches  in  length,  is  pierced 
with  three  holes  and  the  edges  are  also  ornamented  with  notches. 
Attached  to  these  crescents  below  were  found  three  triangular 
pieces  of  ocean  shell  perforated  for  attachment  and  four  beads 
made  of  small  ocean  shells. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       15 

Skeleton  No.  5  was  an  adult  and  was  buried  in  section  2.  It 
was  placed  three  feet  below  the  base  line.  Around  the  neck  was 
a  crescent  two  inches  in  length  and  pierced  with  two  holes  and 
ornamented  with  notched  edges.  The  crescent  was  similar  in 
every  respect  to  those  found  with  skeleton  No.  4,  differing  only 
in  the  material  from  which  it  is  made.  Those  in  No.  4  were 
made  from  common  fresh-water  mussel  shells  from  the  river, 
while  the  one  from  No.  5  was  made  from  the  body  whorl  of 
an  ocean  shell.  Near  the  left  hand  were  two  small  arrow-points 


FIG.    5.      PHOTOGRAPH    OF    SKELETON    SHOWING    WATER    WORN    STONE    AND 
DISCOIDAL    PLACED    NEAR    THE    HEAD. 

both  showing  that  they  were  made  by  a  skilled  artisan,  one  being 
of  the  triangular  form  i^  inches  in  length  and  the  other  having 
a  notched  base  and  being  i£  inches  in  length. 

Skeleton  No.  6  w-as  buried  three  feet  below  the  base 
line.  With  it  was  found  puddled  and  tempered  clay  ready  to  be 
made  into  pottery.  This  clay  was  placed  in  a  nitch  in  the  grave 
near  the  head  of  the  skeleton  and  with  it  were  two  large  mussel 
shells,  a  few  broken  bones  of  the  deer,  and  the  humerus  of  the 
wild  turkey. 


16       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 


- 


£j£s. 

"^T^VV 


mound 
that  it 
gravel, 


Skeleton  No.  7  was  buried  3^  feet  above  the  base 
line  and  was  that  of  an  adult.  Near  the  head  was  placed 
a  tine  large  awl,  8  inches  in  length.  This  awl  was  deco 
rated  with  incised  lines  entirely  encircling  the  awl  near 
the  point,  and  about  two  inches  from  the  point  was  an 
enlargement  in  the  body  of  the  awl.  This  mode  of  orna 
mentation  seems  to  be  the  usual  method  of  decorating 
the  large  awls. 

Skeleton  No.  8  was  that  of  an  adult  and  was  placed 
four  feet  below  the  base  line.  A  large  awl  was  found 
at  the  head,  this  was  8|  inches  in  length  and  made  of 
bones,  one  end  of  which 
was  ornamented  with  a 
carved  head  represent 
ing  that  of  a  fox.  This 
is  shown  in  Fig.  7.  On 
the  right  side  of  the 
grave  near  the  head 
was  a  quantity  of  clay 
mixed  with  broken 
shells  and  a  few  small 
boulders  placed  around 
it  similar  to  skeleton 
No.  6. 

Skeleton  No.  9  was 
an  adult  male  buried 
four  feet  above  the 
base  line.  The  skele 
ton  was  in  a  good  state 
of  preservation.  Near  the  left  hand  wrere  several  small 
arrow-heads  of  the  triangular  type,  beautifully  chipped 
and  made  from  flint  ridge  chalcedony. 

Skeleton  No.  10  was  that  of  an  adult  placed  4^  feet 
above  the  base  line.  This  was  the  only  skeleton  in  the 
that  I  considered  an  intrusive  burial.  The  grave  shows 
was  dug  through  the  regular  strata  of  earth,  sand  and 
that  was  used  in  the  construction  of  this  portion  of  the 


FIG.     6.      SHOWS     THREE     PERFECT 

CRESCENTS    MADE  OF   MUSSEL 

SHELL.       TWO-THIRDS 

NATURAL     SIZE. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       17 

mound.  With  this  burial  was  a  small  arrow-point  and  a  few  cut 
bear  teeth,  placed  near  the  head. 

Skeletons  Nos.  n,  12,  13,  and  14  were  all  adult  burials 
placed  above  the  base  line  about  3^  feet.  No  implements  or  or 
naments  of  any  kind  were  placed  with  these  burials. 

Skeleton  No.  15  was  an  adult  male,  placed  in  section  2,  four 
feet  above  the  base  line.  The  skeleton  was  headless,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  8.  However,  a  number  of  fine  bone  beads  were  taken  from 
near  the  left  shoulder.  Upon  the  right  arm  were  a  number  of 
well-wrought  beads  made  of  shell,  one-fourth  inch  in  diameter. 
Near  the  foot  was  placed  two  fine  arrow-points  made  of  chal 
cedony. 


FIC.    8.       SHOWS    HEADLESS    SKELETON. 

Skeletons  16  and  17  were  in  section  3;  both  were  adults  and 
placed  three  feet  below  the  surface.  No  implements  or  ornaments 
were  placed  with  them. 

Skeleton  18  was  that  of  an  adult  male,  placed  in  section  2 
and  was  buried  five  feet  below  the  base  line.  Upon  the  right 
arm  were  a  number  of  beads  made  of  ocean  shell  and  near  the 
head  was  placed  a  platform  pipe ;  around  the  neck  was  a  neck 
lace  of  beads.  The  platform  pipe  is  far  different  from  any  of  the 
pipes  found  in  this  section.  It  is  made  of  a  reddish  brown  com 
pact  sandstone  with  a  circular  base  2f  inches  in  diameter,  and  f 
inch  in  thickness.  The  bowl  extends  from  the  center  of  this  cir 
cular  base  and  is  i^  inches  in  height  and  £  of  an  inch  in  diameter 
at  the  base  of  the  bowl,  gradually  tapering  to  i£  inch  at  the  top. 
The  diameter  of  the  hole  in  the  bowl  is  %  inch,  which  gradually 
2 


i8       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 


tapers  to  the  bottom  and  is  connected  with  a  hole  from  the  plat 
form,  which  is  £  inch  in  diameter  at  the  edge  of  the  hase  and 
gradually  tapers,  similar  to  that  of  the  bowl.  The  platform  is 
ornamented  with  three  deep  cut  lines  which  encircle  the  outer 
edge.  The  bottom  of  the  base  is  marked  with  incised  lines.  The 
pipe  is  shown  in  Fig.  9.  The  grave  showing  the  skeleton  and  pipe 
is  shown  in  Fig.  10. 

Skeleton  19  was  that  of  a  child  about  ten  years  of  age.  The 
burial  was  upon  the  base  line  of  section  3  and  the  skeleton  was 
fairly  well  preserved.  Around  the  neck  was  placed  a  necklace 
consisting  of  46  canine  teeth  about  equally  divided  between 
those  of  the  dog,  raccoon,  and  wild  cat.  Fig.  1 1  shows  a  few  of 
the  teeth. 

Skeleton  20  was  that  of  an 
adult  female  and  was  buried 
2,\  feet  above  the  base  line 
in  section  3.  It  was  in  a 
good  state  of  preservation. 
The  skull  on  the  left  side 
near  the  top  was  crushed  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  form  al 
most  a  circular  hole  i^ 
inches  in  diameter  and  had 
the  appearance  of  having 
been  made  with  some  blunt 
instrument  and  no  doubt 
caused  the  death  of  the  in 
dividual.  Around  the  neck 
were  a  few  bone  beads  made 
from  the  wing  bones  of  the 
wild  turkey. 

Work  was  now  commenced  on  the  west  side  of  the  mound 
in  order  to  aid  the  workmen  in  carefully  uncovering  the  skele 
tons  so  that  photographs  could  be  made.  No  burials  were  found 
near  the  western  edge  of  the  mound,  but  as  the  center  was  ap 
proached,  skeleton  21,  that  of  an  adult  male,  was  found  three 
feet  above  the  base  line.  Near  the  head  and  at  the  back  was 
removed  a  large  ocean  shell  gorget  4  inches  in  diameter  and 


FIG.     Q.       PLATFORM     PIPE    FOUND     WITH 

SKELETON       NO.       10.       ONE-HALF 

NATURAL     SIZE. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       19 

made  from  the  body  whorl  of  the  massive  conch  (Fulgur  per- 
versum).  The  gorget  was  pierced  at  the  center  with  a  hole 
-J-  inch  in  diameter  and  near  the  edge  two  small  holes  were 


FIG.    IO.       SHOWS     POSITION    OF    PLATFORM    PIPE    NEAR    HEAD    OF    SKELETON. 

placed  for  attachment.  The  gorget  was  not  in  a  good  state  of 
preservation,  as  the  portion  containing  the  perforations  was 
near  the  head  and  was  very  brittle,  consequently  it  crumbled 
slightly  in  removing  it  from  the  burial.  Fig.  12  shows  a  photo- 


FIG.    II.      SHOWS   A   FEW   OF    THE   PERFORATED    CANINE   TEETH 

FORMING  A   NECKLACE  FOUND    WITH    SKELETON    NO.     19. 

ONE-HALF   NATURAL    SIZE. 

graph  of  the  gorget.  Directly  beneath  this  gorget  was  a  large 
bone  awl  6  inches  in  length  and  made  of  one  of  the  heavy  bones 
of  the  deer  or  elk.  At  the  side  of  the  gorget  was  another  awl 


2O      Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Sit-e. 


of  about  the  same  size  and  shape.     The  skeleton  was  well  pre 
served. 

Skeleton  22  was  that  of  an  adult  male  placed  three  feet  above 
the  base  line  and  partly  over  the  platform  which  covers  the  base 
of  section  i.  This  skeleton  was  in  close  proximity  to  skeleton 
2i.  Two  shell  beads  -\  inch  in  diameter  were  found  near  the  left 
hand. 

Skeleton  23  was  that  of  an  adult  male  placed  three  feet 
above  the  platform,  and  was  in  a  good  state  of  preservation.  No 
implements  or  ornaments  were  placed  in  the  grave. 

Skeleton  24  was  an 
adult  male  placed  in 
section  3.  It  was 
buried  in  a  grave  four 
feet  below  the  base 
line.  With  the  skele 
ton  were  two  perfor 
ated  canine  teeth  of 
the  elk.  which  are  ex 
ceedingly  rare  in  the 
graves  of  this  mound. 
Skeleton  25  was  an 
adult  male  buried  four 
feet  below  the  base 
line  in  section  3.  One 
large  spear-point  was 
placed  upon  the  right 
side  near  the  hand.  The  point  was  4  inches  in  length  and  made 
of  reddish  brown  flint. 

Skeleton  26  was  that  of  a  child  and  was  placed  in  section  2. 
It  was  buried  3.}  feet  above  the  base  line.  Around  the  lower 
legs  were  placed  small  ocean  shell  beads,  varying  in  diameter 
from  |  to  £  of  an  inch  and  about  •£  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  All 
were  finely  wrought  and  well  polished.  Upwards  of  700  beads 
were  removed  from  this  grave.  On  the  breast  was  found  a  large 
ocean  shell  gorget,  4  inches  in  diameter,  made  from  the  apex 
portion  of  the  massive  conch  (Fulgur  perversum).  Near  one 


FIG.     12.       SHELL    GORCJET    FOUND    WITH    SKELETON 
NO.    21.       ONE-HALF    NATURAL     SIZE. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  I  'illagc  Site. 


21 


edge  it  is  pierced  with  two  holes  for  attachment,  the  central  por 
tion  having"  been  removed.  This  gorget  is  shown  in  Fig.  13. 

Skeleton  27  is  that  of  an  adult  found  in  section  2.  It  was 
placed  two  feet  above  the  base  line.  Xo  implements  or  ornaments 
were  placed  with  this  skeleton. 

Skeletons  28,  29,  30,  and  31  were  all  placed  in  graves  be 
low  the  base  of  the  mound  in  section  3.  The  graves  ranged  in 
depth  from  2  to  3  feet.  No  implements  were  placed  with  these 
skeletons. 

Skeleton  32  was  placed  near  the  west  side  of  section  3  and 
was  two  feet  below  the  sur 
face.  It  Avas  that  of  an 
adult  male.  At  the  head 
were  placed  two  large  bone 
awls  6  and  64  inches  re 
spectively  in  length.  These 
were  placed  directly  under 
the  head  and  were  badly  de 
cayed. 

Skeleton  34  was  that  of  an 
adult  male  and  was  buried 
two  feet  below  the  base  line. 
From  around  the  neck  was  , 
removed  a  necklace  made 
from  27  canine  teeth,  19  of 
which  were  those  of  the  gray  --—«._ 

wolf  and  8  of  the  mountain  FIG.  13.  SHELL  GORGET  FOUND  WITH 
lion.  Each  tooth  was  pierced  SKELETON  NO.  26.  ONE-HALF 

•,1  1       1  ,,  ,        f  NATURAL     SIZE. 

with  a  hole  near  the  end  of 

the  root,  for  attachment.  Each  tooth  was  ornamented  by  hav 
ing  from  3  to  4  deep  lines  cut  across  the  concave  surface.  A 
representative  collection  of  these  teeth  is  shown  in  Fig.  14. 

At  the  side  of  the  head  were  placed  two  badly  decayed  bone 
awls  5  and  5-}  inches  in  length,  respectively.  Near  the  arm  a 
number  of  shell  beads  were  found;  these  were  made  from  small 
ocean  shells. 


22 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 


Skeleton  35  was  placed  very  near  34  and  at  about  the  same 
depth  below  the  base  line.  Around  the  neck  were  a  number  of 
cut  pieces  of  ocean  shell,  made  from  the  body  whorl.  These 
were  triangular  in  form.  \Yith  these  were  a  number  of  small 
ocean  shells. 

Skeletons  36  and  37  were  also  placed  below  the  base.  N*o  im 
plements  or  ornaments  were  placed  with  them. 

Skeleton  38  was  buried  three  feet  below  the  base  line.  The 
skeleton  was  placed  on  the  right  side,  facing  the  east.  Near  the 


\  • 


FIG.    14.       CANINE    TEETH    OF    WOLF    AND    MOUNTAIN    LION    FOUND 
WITH      SKELETON      NO.     34.       ONE-HALF      NATURAL     SIZE. 

head  was  found  a  perfect  piece  of  pottery,  6^  inches  high  and  7 
inches  in  diameter  at  the  largest  part  of  the  bowl.  The  opening 
on  top  is  4^  inches  in  diameter.  The  top  portion  of  the  bowl  is 
decorated  with  incised  lines  made  in  the  form  of  a  scroll  which 
entirely  encircles  the  vessel.  Directly  beneath  the  scroll  work  are 
two  incised  lines  running  entirely  around  the  vessel.  The  lower 
part  shows  the  impression  of  the  cloth  used  in  the  hands  while 
being  fashioned.  Fig.  15  shows  this  vessel.  At  the  side  of  the 
vessel  was  a  spoon  made  of  mussel  shell.  Fig.  16  shows  the 
skeleton  and  vessel  before  they  were  removed  from  the  grave. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       23 


Skeleton  39  was  that  of  an  adult  female  and  was  buried  tfiree 
feet  below  the  base  line  in  section  3.  Around  the  right  leg  below 
the  knee  were  found  14  wild  turkey  heads  pierced  with  holes  for 
attachment.  Inside  the  heads  were  found  small  quartz  pebbles, 
showing  that  they  had  been  used  for  rattles.  Upon  the  left  leg 
at  about  the  same  place  was  a  turtle  back.  This  was  also  per 
forated  for  attachment  and  contained  15  small  quartz  pebbles. 
Upon  the  breast  was  found  a  small  gorget  pierced  with  two  holes 
near  the  edge  and  one  in  the  center.  This  gorget  is  i-J-  inches  in 
diameter  and 
made  of  mussel 
shell. 

Skeleton  40  is 
that  of  an  adult 
female.  Around 
the  neck  were  a 
number  of  shell 
gorgets  similar  to 
the  gorgets  found 
with  skeleton  39. 
One  of  t  h  e  s  e, 
however,  had  a 
pearl  setting  in 
the  large  central 
hole.  The  gorget 
with  pearl  setting 
is  shown  in  Fig. 

17- 

Skeleton  4 1  and 
42  were  also 
adults  and  were  placed  below  the  base,  but  near  the  edge  of  the 
mound.  Xo  implements  or  ornaments  of  any  kind  were  placed 
with  these  skeletons, 


FIG.     15.       PERFECT    POTTERY    FOUND    WITH     SKELETON 
NO.    38.      SIX    AND    ONE-HALF    INCHES    HIGH. 


24       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  1'illagc  Site.       25 


GARTNER   VILLAGE   SITE. 

The  village  site  which  surrounds  the  Gartner  mound,  just 
described,  was  ex 
amined  during 
the  summer  of 
1903.  Fig.  1 8 
is  a  drawing  of 
mound  and  vil 
lage  site,  show 
ing  the  extent  of 
the  field  explora 
tions  during  1903. 
The  village  site 
proper,  occupies 
between  three  and 
four  acres  of  land 
and  entirely  sur- 
rounds  the 
m|o|un,d.  How 
ever,  d  irectly 
south  and  south- 
east  of  the 
mound,  surface 
indications  are 
richest ;  for  here 
our  examination 
showed  the  earth 
was  intermingled 
with  the  refuse 
from  their  homes 

to  the  depth  of  from  one  foot  to  twenty  inches,   indicating  that 
they  occupied  this  place  for  a  long  period. 
Directly  to  the  south  and  less  than  one-half 
mile  is  what  is  known  as  the  Cedar  Bank 
Works,  which  has  been  described  by  Squier 
FIG.  17.    SHELL  GORGET     and  Davis  on  page  52,  in  " Ancient  Monu- 
WITH   PEARL  SET-         mcnts  of  the  Mississippi  Vallev."    We  made 

TING.    ONE-HALF  .  ,  ,  -      ,   .  . 

SIZE  a  thorough  search  of  this  enclosure  of  32 


FIG.  1 6. 


SHOWS     POSITION    OF    EARTHENWARE    NEAR 
HEAD     OF     SKELETON. 


26       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

acre  as  well  as  the  immediate  surrounding  territory,  in  search 
of  a  village,  but  found  no  evidences  of  a  former  habitat  other 
than  the  Gartner  village.  Therefore,  it  seems  reasonable  to  be 
lieve  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  Gartner  village  were  the  builders 
of  the  Cedar  Bank  Works.  However,  no  explorations  have  been 
made  within  the  works  to  verify  this  statement.  Upon  a  spur 
of  the  hill  between  this  village  and  the  Cedar  Bank  Works  are 
also  indications  of  a  former  habitat,  as  flint  implements,  broken 
pieces  of  pottery  and  animal  bones  of  various  kinds  are  sparingly 
scattered  over  the  surface.  As  the  examination  progressed  it 
was  soon  discovered  that  the  inhabitants  of  this  village  lived  in 
small  clans  or  family  groups.  Although  only  fifteen  skeletons 
were  unearthed  in  the  examination  of  this  village,  there  is  no  doubt 
but  that  burials  were  made  along  the  hillside  which  surrounds 
the  village  on  three  sides. 

The  refuse  pits,  which  are  so  abundant  in  the  villages  of  the 
Paint  Creek  valley,  were  present  in  great  numbers  and  distributed 
over  the  village  site  surrounding  the  habitats  of  the  various  fam 
ilies.  Fig.  No.  19  shows  ten  of  these  pits  open  at  one  time. 
During  the  examination  in  the  village,  more  than  100  pits  were 
found  and  thoroughly  examined.  The  evidence  produced  by  this 
examination  shows  that  20%  of  the  pits  examined  were  originally 
used  for  storehouses  for  grain,  beans  and  nuts,  and  perhaps  for 
animal  food.  These  pits  were  lined  with  straw  or  bark  and  in 
some  instances  the  ears  of  corn  laid  in  regular  order  upon  the 
bottom;  in  other  instances  the  corn  was  shelled  and  placed  in 
woven  bags ;  in  others  shelled  corn  and  beans  were  found  to 
gether  ;  in  others  hickory  nuts,  walnuts,  chestnuts  and  seeds  of 
the  pawpaw  were  present  in  goodly  numbers.  All  this  was  in  the 
charred  state,  accidently  caused,  no  doubt,  by  fire  being  blown 
into  these  pits  and  the  supplies  practically  destroyed  before  the 
flames  were  subdued.  Fig.  20  shows  charred  cobs  and  lumps 
of  charred  shelled  corn.  The  burning  of  these  supplies  must  have 
been  a  great  loss  to  these  primitive  people  and  may  have  caused 
them  great  suffering,  during  the  severe  winters,  but  it  has  left  a 
record  of  their  industry  which  never  could  have  been  ascertained 
in  any  other  way.  The  great  number  of  pits  found,  which  show 
conclusively  by  their  charred  remains  their  early  uses,  would  lead 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       27 

one  to  believe  that  all  the  pits  found  were  used  originally  for 
underground  storehouses  and  by  spring-  time,  when  the  supplies 
were  likely  consumed,  a  general  forced  cleaning  up  of  their  domi 
ciles  and  surroundings  would  occur  and  the  empty  storehouse 
would  serve  as  a  receptacle  for  this  refuse,  which  was  henceforth 


FIG.    IQ.       SHOWING    REFUSE    PITS. 

used  for  that  purpose  until  completely  filled.  During  the  autumn, 
when  the  harvest  time  came,  a  new  storehouse  would  be  dug  and 
the  grain  and  nuts  gathered  and  stored  for  winter  use.  The 
examination  of  the  pits  has  brought  out  the  above  conclusions  as 
evidenced  by  the  refuse  found  therein.  Near  the  bottom  of  the 
pits  will  invariably  be  found  the  heads  of  various  animals  such 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  I  'illagc  Site. 


as  the  deer,  with  antlers  attached,  black  bear,  raccoon,  gray  fox, 
rabbit  and  the  wild  turkey,  as  well  as  the  large,  heavy  broken 
bones  of  these  animals  such  as  would  likely  be  found  around  a 
winter  camp.  Further,  some  of  the  large  bones  showed  that  they 
had  been  gnawed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  indicate  the  presence  of 
a  domesticated  dog,  whose  presence  was  further  corroborated  by 


FIG.    20.      SHOWING    COBS    AND   LUMPS    OF    CHARRED   CORN. 

finding  his  remains  in  every  part  of  the  village.  Therefore,  taking 
all  these  facts  into  consideration,  one  must  necessarily  infer  that 
the  spring  cleaning  took  place  and  animal  bones,  broken  pottery 
and  the  general  refuse  was  thrown  into  the  pits.  Further,  the 
remains  of  fish  are  seldom  ever  found  near  the  bottom  of  the 
pits,  but  usually  occur  from  the  top  to  about  the  middle.  Mussel 
shells  are  never  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  pits,  but  are  usually 


Explorations  of  t/ic  Gartner  Mound  and  yillagc  Site.       29 

found  near  the  middle  or  half  way  between  the  middle  and  lop 
of  the  pit.  Fig.  21  shows  how  mussel  shells  are  sometimes  pres 
ent  in  the  refuse  pits.  We  know  that  fish  and  mussels  must  he 


FIG.     21.      SHOWING     MUSSEL     SHELLS    IX    REFUSE    PIT. 

taken  during-  the  spring,  summer  and  autumn  and  arc  certainly 
very  hard  to  procure  during  the  winter.  A  drawing  representing 
a  cross  section  of  the  village  site  showing  the  location  of  the 


60 


FIG.    22.      SHOWING    CROSS    SECTION    OF   VILLAGE   SITE. 

tepees,  fireplaces,  refuse  pits  and  hurials  is  shown  in  Fig.  22. 
This  represents  a  cut  of  sixty  feet  which  was  carried  forward  in 
the  examination  of  the  village.  This  drawing  shows  the  fireplaces 


,}o       Explorations  of  th-e  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

to  have  been  made  at  different  periods  of  time.  Some  of  these 
fireplaces  are  directly  above  the  refuse  pits  and  it  is  also  shown 
that  in  digging  the  pits,  that  they  dug  down  upon  previous  burials, 
but  even  this  did  not  cause  them  to  abandon  the  pit,  but  to 
remove  the  bones  and  dig  on  to  the  necessary  depth  and  place 
the  dislodged  bones  in  the  bottom  of  the  pit  and  cover  them 
slightly  with  soil.  In  some,  the  burial  was  made  directly  over  an 
old  pit  and  the  refuse  in  the  pit  being  porous  the  body  would 
naturally  sink  into  the  pit,  leaving  the  legs  and  head  higher  than 
the  other  portions  of  the  body.  The  accumulation  of  bones  of 
various  animals  and  the  implements  and  ornaments  of  these  primi 
tive  people  found  through  the  soil  was  caused  by  the  covering  up, 
from  time  to  time,  of  the  debris  in  the  tepees  and  surroundings 
which  would  naturally  be  greater  during  the  winter  season. 

Another  interesting  feature  of  this  village  was  the  rinding 
of  the  remains  of  two  mussel  bakes.  One  only  will  be  described, 
as  they  were  similar  in  every  respect.  These  bakes  were  made 
by  digging  a  hole  in  the  ground  5  feet  deep  and  4  feet  in  diameter. 
A  fire  was  built  in  the  bottom  of  this  pit ;  so  great  was  the  fire 
that  the  clay  forming  the  sides  of  the  pit  was  burned  to  a  deep 
red  and  several  inches  in  depth.  Four  hundred  and  fifty  small 
river  boulders  varying  in  diameter  from  3  to  10  inches  were 
thrown  upon  this  fire  and  then  the  fresh-water  mussels  of  small 
size  were  piled  upon  the  stones  and  the  entire  pit  filled  with  these 
mussels.  The  top  was  then,  no  doubt,  covered  over  with  grass 
and  the  mussels  left  to  bake.  After  the  feast,  for  it  was  no  doubt 
a  feast,  the  shells  were  thrown  back  into  the  pit  as  well  as  into  a 
number  of  surrounding  pits  that  were  open.  We  made  a  careful 
estimate  of  the  number  of  mussels  required  in  these  mussel  bakes 
by  counting  the  mussel  shells  in  a  given  space,  and  found  that 
more  than  10,000  mussels  were  used  in  the  two  bakes.  They 
were  all  of  small  size  and  in  the  two  bakes  only  a  few  large  shells 
were  present.  The  mussels  had,  no  doubt,  been  procured  from 
the  Scioto  river,  only  one  hundred  yards  distant.  Fig.  23  shows 
one  of  these  pits.  In  the  rear  is  a  pile  of  charcoal  taken  from  the 
bottom  of  the  pit,  at  the  side  are  the  boulders.  In  one  of  the 
refuse  pits  we  found  evidences  of  a  great  animal  feast,  as  the  pit 
was  filled  for  several  feet  with  a  mass  of  broken  bones,  showing 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       31 

that  they  had  used  the  deer,  bear,  elk,  beaver,  raccoon,  opossum 
and  wild  turkey  in  this  great  feast.  A  number  of  individual  ani 
mals  cf  each  were  used,  but  more  especially  the  deer,  as  seven 
jaw  bones  of  this  animal  were  removed  from  this  great  pile. 

Another  interesting  feature  of  this  village  site  was  the  rind 
ing  of  a  great  fireplace  or  crematory,  over  40  feet  in  length  and 
varying  in  width  from  16  to  17  feet.  It  was  directly  south  of 


FIG.    23.      SHOWING   REMAINS   OF    MUSSEL   BAKE. 

the  mound,  not  far  from  the  edge  of  the  bank,  which  gradually 
descends  to  the  river  below.  The  fire  had  evidently  been  kindled 
on  this  hearth  for  a  long  time,  as  the  earth  was  burned  to  a 
depth  of  14  inches.  The  crematory  occupied  a  slight  depression 
in  the  ground,  no  doubt  caused  by  the  careful  removal  of  ashes 
from  time  to  time.  Not  a  particle  of  ashes,  charcoal  or  burned 
bones  was  present  in  this  fireplace  except  at  the  west  end  nearest 


32       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  I  Ullage  Site. 

to  the  river,  where  the  portions  of  a  half-charred  human  skeleton 
surrounded  with  charcoal  and  ashes  were  found,  showing  that 
the  cremation  had  been  brought  to  a  sudden  close  and  the  par 
tially  incinerated  skeleton,  as  well  as  the  crematory  and  its  sur 
roundings,  was  covered  with  about  6  inches  of  earth  as  if  to 
remove  from  sight  all  traces  of  a  once  practiced  mortuary  cus 
tom.  Gradually,  as  our  explorations  show,  a  little  home  was  in 
stalled  near  the  edge  of  the  crematory,  to  the  north,  and  in  due 
time  the  site  became  covered  with  the  refuse  which  accumulates 
about  their  domicile. 

FOOD   RESOURCES. 

Animal  Remains.  —  In  all,  the  remains  of  17  different  ani 
mals  were  procured  in  this  village.  The  most  abundant  was  that 
of  the  Virginia  deer,  which  constituted  fully  50%  of  the  animals 
taken  from  the  pits  and  which  were  used  for  food.  The  other 
animals  identified  were  the  raccoon,  rabbit,  black  bear,  beaver, 
gray  fox,  wild  cat,  mountain  lion,  gray  wolf,  opossum,  mink, 
musk  rat,  elk,  skunk,  groundhog,  otter,  and  Indian  dog.  The 
small  box  turtle  (Cestudo  Virginia)  was  in  great  abundance. 
The  wild  turkey  constituted  fully  80%  of  the  birds  taken  from 
the  refuse  pits  while  the  trumpeter  swan,  wild  goose,  great 
horned  owl,  bald  eagle  and  bittern  were  found  in  small  numbers. 
The  Scioto  River,  near  by,  teaming  with  fish  and  fresh  water 
mussels  must  have  been  an  excellent  source  of  animal  food  as 
shown  by  the  presence  of  fishbone  and  mussel  shells.  The  Indian 
dog  found  in  this  village  resembles  in  every  respect  the  remains  of 
the  Indian  dog  found  at  the  Baum  village  site,  which  is  de 
scribed  in  Vol.  X,  page  81,  of  the  Society's  publications. 

Vegetable  Food.  —  The  vegetable  substances  usually  found 
in  the  bottom  of  the  refuse  pits  and  which  had  been  preserved  by 
being  charred,  consisted  of  corn,  beans,  hickory  nuts,  walnuts, 
butternuts,  hazelnuts,  and  the  seeds  of  the  wild  plum  and  pawpaw. 
Of  this,  the  corn  (Zea  mays)  was  the  most  abundant  and  was 
always  found  in  the  bottom  of  refuse  pits  that  had,  no  doubt, 
served  as  storehouses  until  destroyed  by  fire.  These  pits  were 
usually  lined  with  bark  or  straw  and  the  corn  was  frequently 
scattered  through  the  charred  remains.  However,  in  a  number 
of  instances  the  corn  and  beans  had  been  placed  together  in  a 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       3; 


34       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

heap  and  were  removed  in  large  lumps.  In  a  number  of  instances 
corn  and  beans  had  been  placed  in  earthen  vessels  that  had  be 
come  broken  and  the  charred  corn  was  still  clinging  to  the  sides 
of  the  vessel.  Burned  corn  was  also  found  in  a  vessel  that  had 
been  broken,  no  doubt,  by  the  action  of  the  fire,  as  the  corn  was 
in  a  charred  mass  in  the  pieces  of  a  broken  vessel  which  had  been 
scattered  through  the  refuse  pit,  showing  that  the  burning  of  this 
corn  had  taken  place  outside  of  this  pit.  P>eans  (  Phaseolus,  sp,,) 
were  also  found  in  quantities  in  the  bottom  of  the  storehouses. 
From  the  quantities  of  these  two  food  articles  found,  there  is  no 
doubt  but  that  corn  and  beans  were  a  staple  article  of  food  for 
this  primitive  people.  Hickorynuts  were  very  abundant ;  three 
species  were  found,  hicora  minimia  (Marsh.)  Britt.,  hicora 
ovata  (Mill.)  Britt.,  and  hicora  laciniosa  (Mx.)  Britt.  Only 
small  quantities  of  butternuts  (guglans  cinera,  L,)  and  black 
walnuts  (juglans  nigra,  L.)  were  found.  In  some  places  great 
quantities  of  the  charred  pawpaw  seed  (asiminan  tribola,  L,) 
Dunal,  were  found,  stored  in  connection  with  corn  and  nuts.  In 
several  other  pits  the  wild  hazelnut  (corylus  Americana)  Walt., 
and  the  wild  red  plum  (prunis  Americana)  Marsh.,  were  present 
in  small  quantities. 

Preparation  of  Food.  —  In  every  portion  of  the  village  were 
found  stone  pestles,  which  served  for  crushing  the  corn  and  beans 
and  were,  no  doubt,  also  used  in  crushing  the  dried  meats,  ber 
ries,  etc.  Many  of  these  pestles  are  merely  natural  pebbles  slightly 
changed  by  a  little  pecking  or  rubbing,  or  perhaps  both.  Some 
have  been  pecked  into  shape  and  resemble  a  concoid  body  with 
an  enlarged  and  flattened  base,  bell-shaped,  and  running  to  a  point 
at  the  top.  None  of  the  pestles  are  ornamented,  but  are  all  quite 
plain.  Large  stone  mortars  made  from  slabs  of  sandstone,  from 
12  to  14  inches  in  length,  from  10  to  12  inches  in  width,  and  from 
4  to  6  inches  in  thickness  with  a  depression  on  one  side,  several 
inches  in  depth,  were  taken  from  the  pits.  The  mortar  must  have 
been  universally  used  in  this  village,  as  great  numbers  of  the 
broken  and  perfect  ones  have  been  found  in  the  pits  and  tepee 
sites.  Another  article  that  was,  no  doubt,  universally  used  in 
the  preparation  of  food  is  the  pottery.  Broken  pieces  of  this 
domestic  utensil  are  found  everywhere  in  the  village  and  refuse 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       35 

pits.  In  many  instances  hundreds  of  pieces  were  taken  out  of 
one  pit  and  they  were  universally  abundant  around  the  fireplaces. 
There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  potters'  art  was  practiced  by  each 
clan  or  family  in  the  village,  for  the  broken  pieces  of  pots  found 
in  these  clans  were  similar  in  every  respect,  but  differing  slightly 
in  ornamentation  from  those  of  the  neighboring  clans.  The  earth 
from  which  the  pottery  was  made  was  procured  while  excavating 
for  the  large  storehouses,  as  the  clay  found  in  the  pits,  which  had 
been  tempered  with  broken  shells  and  crushed  quartzite,  were 
identical  with  the  clay  thrown  from  the  pits.  The  majority  of 
the  pottery  was  made  by  crushing  shells  and  tempering  the  clay, 
but  now  and  then  a  piece  would  be  found,  which  had  been  tem 
pered  with  crushed  quartzite  and  pebbles.  However,  near  the 
west  side  of  the  village  a  small  quantity  of  the  broken  pottery 
was  made  from  clay  tempered  with  broken  quartz.  Only  one  per 
fect  piece  of  pottery  was  found  in  the  mound  and  none  in  the 
village  site,  except  the  small  vessels  which  had  been  molded  in 
the  hand.  Yet  broken  pieces,  resembling  in  every  way,  the  perfect 
pieces,  were  found  in  abundance  in  the  village.  The  size  of  the 
pottery  varied  greatly,  one  piece  especially  that  was  taken  from 
the  refuse  pits,  if  perfect,  would  measure  14^  inches  in  diameter, 
while  several  very  small  pieces  that  had  been  molded  in  the  hand 
were  found  in  various  sections  of  the  village.  The  small  pieces 
of  pottery  varied  in  size  from  that  of  a  thimble  to  a  small  cup  2 
inches  in  diameter.  These  small  vessels  were  without  ornamenta 
tion  and  were  of  common  use,  for  a  number  have  been  found, 
both  perfect  and  broken,  in  all  sections  of  the  village.  These  are 
shown  in  Fig.  24.  The  marks  on  the  pottery  differ  somewhat  in 
the  different  clans  and  practically  all  of  the  pottery  had  textile 
marks  upon  the  side.  In  several  instances,  impressions  of  a 
woven  fabric,  which  had,  no  doubt,  been  used  in  the  hands  while 
fashioning  the  plastic  clay,  were  found.  In  other  instances  the 
marks  of  the  textiles  were  evidently  made  by  modeling  paddles 
which  had  been  wrapped  with  cord,  as  this  is  plainly  shown  upon 
the  handles  of  the  vessels  as  the  handle  is  usually  fashioned  and 
put  in  place  after  the  vessel  is  practically  formed.  A  further  orna 
mentation  of  a  number  of  vessels  is  made  by  incised  lines.  Some 
of  these  encircle  the  vessel,  while  others  appear  in  scrolls ;  this 


36       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  I  'illage  Site. 


is  shown  in  Fig.  15.     Still  other  vessels  are  ornamented  with  small 
round    indentations    made   by    a    blunt    instrument,    as    is    shown 

in  Fig.  25.  (  Hher 
vessels  show  inden 
tations  made  with  a 
reed  or  some  hol 
low  instrument; 
this  is  shown  in 
[;ig.  26.  The  abo 
rigines  of  the  ( lart- 
ner  village  seem  to 
have  possessed  the 
artistic  faculties  at 
tributed  to  the  early 
races  in  America, 
for  rude  forms  of 
art  in  clay  deco 
rated  their  pottery 
as  shown  in  Fig. 
28.  This  effigy  of 
a  lizard  was  exe 
cuted  with  considerable  fidelity  to  nature  and  perhaps  served  as 
a  handle  as  well  as  to  ornament  the  vessel.  However,  the  ma 
jority  of  the  pieces  have  plain  tops  ornamented  now  and  then 
with  indenta 
tions.  Practi 
cally  all  of  the 
larger  vessels 
were  supplied 
with  handles 
which  were  in 
variably  orna 
mented  with  in 
cised  lines  and 
indentations.  In 
size  the  handles 

were   usually  in  proportion   to   the   vessel.     The   larger   handles 
were  attached  at  one  end  by  first  piercing  the  vessel  with  a  hole 


FIG.    24. 


SHOWING     SMALL    POTTERY.       ONE-HALF 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


FIG.    25.       ORNAMENTATION    BY    SMALL    INDENTATIONS. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       37 


FIG.    26.      INDENTATIONS    MADE    WITH    HOLLOW 
INSTRUMENT. 


and  inserting  a  small  plug'  of  clay  which  was  carefully  clinched 
upon  the  inside  of  the  vessel.  On  the  outside  the  handle  was 
molded  to  this  plug ; 
this  is  shown  in  Fig. 
28.  In  Fig.  29,  sev 
eral  pieces  of  pottery 
are  shown  which  rep 
resent  a  few  of  the 
many  examples  of  na 
tive  ceramic  art. 

Implements.  —  The 
implements  used  for 
the  procuring  of  food 
and  for  domestic  pur 
poses  were  made  of 
hone,  stone,  and  shell 
and  are  found  in  great  abundance  in  the  village  site.  These 
implements  were  in  proportion  of  about  ten  of  those  made  from 

bone  to  one  made  from  shell  or  stone. 
In  fact,  many  of  stone  were  duplicated 
in  bone  or  horn,  such  as  scrapers, 
arrow-points,  spear-points,  and  large 
celt-like  forms  made 
from  elk  horn. 

Stone  Implements. — 
The  chipped  imple 
ments  were,  no  doubt, 
made  from  flint,  pro 
cured  from  the  Flint 
Ridge  locality.  The 
chipped  points  for  ar-  FIG.  28.  SHOWS 
rows  were,  for  the  MANNER  IN 

f      ,1  -     •  WHICH    HAND- 

most  part,   of   the  tri-      LES  ARE  AT_ 
angular  form  and  plain-      T  ACHED   TO 
ly  shows  that  the  peo-     VESSELS. 
pie  inhabiting  this  village  were  versed  in  the  art  of  flint  chip 
ping.      A   typical    series   of   these   arrow-points   is   illustrated   in 


FIG.    27.       EFFIGY    OF    A    LIZARD. 


38      Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

Fig.  30.     The  chipped  implements   used  for  spears  and  knives 
were  also  made  of  Flint  Ridge  material ;  these  are  of  all  colors, 


FIG.   29.      SHOWING   POTTERY  DECORATIONS. 

from  the  perfectly  semi-transparent  waxy,  yellow,  chalcedony,  to 
the  red  and  variegated  jasper  forms.     These  are  shown  in  Fig. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       39 

31.  Numerous  caches  of  roughly  fashioned  implements  made  of 
this  same  material  were  found  throughout  the  village.  These 
caches  would  number  from  10  to  25.  Some  of  these  show  that 
they  were  large  flakes  from  the  manufacture  of  implements. 
However  a  number  of  them  show  secondary  chipping  along  one 
or  more  of  the  edges.  Tn  a  number  of  graves  these  pieces  were 

TTTTf 

FIG.    30.      TRIANGULAR    ARROW-POINTS.      ONE-HALF 
NATURAL    SIZE. 

placed  near  the  head  of  the  skeleton  and  were  undoubtedly  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  the  numerous  bone  implements  which  are 
so  abundant  throughout  the  entire  village. 

Celts.  —  Stone  celts  were  found  in  every  portion  of  the  vil 
lage.  They  were  made,  for  the  most  part,  of  granetic  boulders, 
however,  a  few  were  made  from  banded  slate  and  flint..  They 


FIG.   31.      SPEAR  POINTS.      ONE-HALF   NATURAL   SIZE. 


varied  in  length  from  2  to  6  inches  and  were  highly  polished.  None 
were  grooved,  but  many  were  roughly  pecked  for  the  attachment 
of  a  handle.  These  implements,  as  all  others,  were  found  in  all 
stages  of  manufacture.  Specimens  were  found  where  the  peck 
ing  had  just  begun,  in  all  cases  boulders  that  were  near  the  form 
of  the  object  to  be  made,  were  selected.  In  other  specimens  the 
pecking  was  completed  on  one  side,  while  the  other  had  not  been 


4O       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  I  'illage  Site. 


touched.  !n  other  specimens  the  pecking  had  been  finished,  while 
in  others  the  grinding  had  just  begun  and  so  on  up  to  the  perfect 
specimens.  These  \vere  found  more  numerous  in  the  sites  of  their 
tepees.  However,  in  a  number  of  graves  they  were  placed  by 
the  side  of  the  skeleton  ;  in  one  instance  four  were  taken  from  the 
same  grave.  Fig.  32  gives  a  good  illustration  of  the  celt  pro 
cured  from  this  village. 

Hammer  Stones. — The  hammer 
stones  were  very  abundant  in  the 
village.  Some  of  these  are  quite 
small  and  battered  at  one  end, 
others  at  both  ends,  while  still 
others  are  battered  at  both  sides 
and  ends.  A  number  of  these  ham 
mer  stones  are  quite  smooth  upon 
one  side,  while  on  the  other  side 
they  are  slightly  polished,  showing 
that  they  were  used  in  pounding 
some  soft  material,  or  had  been 
covered  with  a  skin  and  perhaps 
used  as  a  club  head.  But  the  great 
est  use  to  which  this  hammer  stone 
was,  no  doubt,  placed  was  the 
breaking  up  of  the  various  animal 
bones,  for  it  is  a  very  rare  thing  to 
find  a  perfect  bone  of  any  animal  in 
this  village,  even  to  the  very  small 
est. 

Net  Sinkers.  —  A  number  of 
specimens  have  been  found  which 
were  merely  pebbles  that  had  been  notched  or  grooved  on  two 
edges.  These  do  not  show  any  battered  ends,  as  there  is  no  doubt 
but  that  they  were  used  as  sinkers  for  the  nets  used  in  fishing. 

Hoes.  -  -  A  number  of  large  pieces  of  slate  broken  into  form 
with  notches  or  grooves  cut  on  the  sides  were  frequently  found. 
These  were,  no  doubt,  used  for  agricultural  implements.  How 
ever,  the  shell  hoe,  as  shown  in  Fig.  33  is  found  in  abundance 


FIG.  32.  TYPICAL  CELT  FROM 
VILLAGE  SITE.  TWO-THIRDS 
NATURAL  SIZE. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       41 


FIG.     33- 


SHELL    HOE.       ONE-HALF 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


and  must   have  been   universally  used.     The  shell   selected  was 
that  of  the  Unio  plicatus,  a  very  thick  and  heavy  shell. 

Bone  Implements.  — 
Points  for  arrows  and 
spear-heads  made  from 
the  tips  of  horn  and  the 
toe  bones  of  the  deer, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  34, 
were  very  common,  in 
fact  more  numerous 
than  the  chipped  flint 
points.  However,  the 
majority  of  those  found 
had  been  broken,  but 
many  perfect  pieces,  as 
can  be  seen  in  the  illus 
tration,  as  well  as  spec 
imens  showing  every 
stage  of  the  manufacture  of  this  useful  implement,  were  found. 
Although  well  versed  in  the  art  of  flint  chipping  these  people 

were  a  considerable  dis 
tance  from  the  source  of 

(Alto'  B^  IPF)  V    supply     of     this     much 

|*."""v    I  •     valued  article,  flint,  and 

were  compelled  to  resort 
|4J     •  •      to    the    supply    of    deer 

•       horn,  that   was  brought 
•        to  their  very  door.    This 
would    necessarily    be 
\J          v          W         I/          procured     during     their 

hunting  expeditions  as 
well  as  finding  them 
scattered  over  the  sur 
face  during  the  season 
of  the  year  when  the 
deer  shed  their  horns. 

BONE    ARROW    POINTS.      ONE-  Although     more     difficult 

HALF  NATURAL  SIZE.  to  make,  requiring  to  be 


FIG.    34. 


42       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 


drilled,  dressed  and  polished  to  make  a  perfect  point,  they  were 
more  numerous  than  the  flint-chipped  points.     Small  caches  of 
the  tines  of  deer  horns  occur  in  various  portions  of  the  village, 
showing  that  these  were  collected  and  kept  in  store  to 
be  made  into  arrow-points  as  required.     The  tines  are 
•'shown  in  Fig.  35    (a).     The  size  of  the  point  varies 
greatly,  from  ^  inch  to  3  inches  in  length 
and  is   made  by  taking  the  broken   tine 
and  cutting  a  crease  about  i-32nd  of  an 
inch  in   depth  entirely  around  the  horn 
at  the  desired  length  and  then  breaking 
off  the  point.     This  is  shown  in 
Fig-  35  (b).    The  first  step  after 
procuring   the   end   of   the   tine 
was  to   drill  a  hole   for  the  at 
tachment  of  the  wooden  arrow- 
shaft.  No  work  in  fash 
ioning  the  point  seems 
to  have  been  done  until 
after  this  drilling  was 
completed.      The    hole 
for   the    attachment   of 
the     shaft     varied     in 
depth  from  one-half  to 
two-thirds  the  length  of 
the  point,   see  Fig.  35 
(c),  and  always  pyra 
midal   in    form  with   a 
base   diameter   averag 
ing  about  one-third  of 
an  inch.     The  majority 

FIG.      35.      a.      SHOWING      TINE.      b.       CUTTING     OF  J  J 

TINE.    c.    DEPTH  OF  HOLE  DRILLED,    d.    CUT-_     of  unfinished  specimens 

TING  AWAY  OF  SUPERFLUOUS  HORN.    e.          show  that  the  fashion- 

PERFECT    POINT.     ONE-HALF    NAT-  ing  into  form  was  done 

by  cutting  away  the  su 
perfluous  horn  with  a  heavy  piece  of  flint,  as  shown  in  Fig.  35 
(d).  Some  writers  have  expressed  the  opinion  that  this  cutting 
was  done  with  a  steel  knife,  but  a  careful  examination  bv  means 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       43 

of  a  good  hand  glass  will  reveal  the  concave  appearance  of  the 
cuts  and  the  small  scratches  caused  by  the  uneaven  fracture  of 
the  flint.  The  final  finish  upon  the  arrow-point  was  done  by 
rubbing  the  arrow-point  upon  a  piece  of  fine-grained  sandstone, 
thus  removing  all  traces  of  cutting  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  35  (e), 
which  shows  a  symmetrical  and  well-wrought  point. 

Bone  implements  were  found  which,  no  doubt,  served  in  the 
preparation  of  skins  and  in  the  manufacture  of  their  wearing 
apparel.  Of  these  implements,  the  scraper,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
36  (a),  and  made  of  the  anterior  and  posterior  metapodal  bones 
of  the  deer  and  elk  were  found  in  small  numbers  in  a  perfect 
state.  However,  the  broken  parts  were  found  throughout  the 
entire  village  in  great  numbers,  showing  that  this  implement  was 
universally  used.  Illustration  Fig.  36  (c}  shows  a  perfect  an 
terior  metapodal  bone,  and  I  may  here  state  that  this  is  the 
only  perfect  bone  of  the  kind  found  in  the  village,  as  all  others 
had  either  been  broken  or  showed  some  stage  in  the  manufacture 
of  the  scraper.  Fig.  26  (b),  shows  a  process  in  the  manufacture 
of  this  implement  and  by  careful  examination  of  the  specimens 
showing  these  stages,  I  am  convinced  that  they  were  made  by 
using  a  blunt-pointed  flint  implement.  Scrapers  made  from  the 
shoulder  blades  of  the  elk  \vere  also  found.  The  spine  of  the 
shoulder  blade  was  usually  sharpened  into  a  knife-like  form, 
while  the  posterior  and  anterior  border  and  the  postscapular,  as 
well  as  the  prescapular  portions,  were  entirely  removed.  In  sev 
eral  instances  instead  of  the  spine  being  sharpened,  it  was  re 
moved  and  the  suprascapular  border  would  be  sharpened  into  a 
knife-like  edge.  Very  few  perfect  specimens  of  the  shoulder  blade 
of  the  elk  were  found,  as  they  were  universally  used  in  the  manu 
facture  of  scrapers  or  awls.  The  shoulder  blades  of  the  deer  were 
sparingly  used  for  scrapers.  However,  they  were  finished  very 
much  like  the  scrapers  made  from  the  shoulder  blades  of  the 
elk.  A  few  very  fine  and  perfect  scrapers  made  from  the  antlers 
of  the  elk  were  found  in  various  portions  of  the  village.  These 
were  made  from  the  heavy  portions  between  the  beztine  and  the 
trestine  of  the  elk  antler.  They  vary  in  length  from  3  to  6  inches 
and  in  width  from  i^  to  3  inches.  These  are  of  two  kinds,  those 
sharpened  at  both  ends,  which  were,  no  doubt,  used  in  the  hand 


44       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  yillage  Site. 


FIG.  36       O.      PERFECT  SCRAPER.      b.      PROCESS   IN    MANU 
FACTURE     OF     SCRAPER.      C.      PERFECT     METAPODAL 
BONE.      TWO-THIRDS    NATURAL    SIZE. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       45 


and  were  usually  from  4  to  5  inches  in  length  (see  Fig.  37),  and 

those  sharpened  at  one  end   which   were  usually   from  2,\  to  4 

inches   in   length.     A 

number  of  them  have 

notches    cut    on     the 

side  at  the  unfinished 

end,    showing    that 

they  were  hafted  in  a 

wooden    handle    (see 

Fig.     38.        Scrapers 

made  from  the  heavy 

metapodal    bones     of 

the  elk  were  also  found,  these  were  made  similar  to  those  made 

from  the  antlers.     A  specimen  of  this  implement  is  shown  in  Fig. 


DOUBLE     BITTED     SCRAPER. 
NATURAL     SIZE. 


ONE-HALF 


FIG.    38.      NOTCHED    SCRAPER.      ONE-HALF    NATURAL    SIZE. 

39.     These  are   from   2  to  3   inches   long  and   were,   no  doubt, 

hafted  in  wooden  handles. 

Awls  were  required 
for  the  manufacture 
of  garments.  Fig.  40 
(a)  is  made  of  one- 
half  of  the  distal  end 
of  the  metapodal  bone 
of  the  deer.  This 


FIG.    39.       SCRAPER    MADE    FROM     METAPODAL    BONE 
OF   THE   ELK.      ONE-HALF    NATURAL    SIZE. 


specimen  was,  no 
doubt,  manufactured 
from  a  broken  scraper.  The  awls  made  of  this  bone  are  very 
similar ;  none  of  them  have  sharp  points,  but  gradually  taper,  as 


4(3       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 


is  shown  in  the  illustration.  Fig.  40  (&)  is  an  awl  made  from  the 
ulna  of  the  deer.  Awls  of  this  kind  are  invariably  sharp  pointed 
and  are  found  in  every  portion  of  the  village.  Fig.  40  (c)  is  an 


FIG.     40.      0.      AWL     MADE    FROM     METAPODAL    BONE    OF    DEER. 

b.      AWL  MADE  FROM  ULNA  OF  THE  DEER.      C.      AWL  MADE 

FROM   ULNA  OF  THE  ELK.      ONE-HALF  NATURAL  SIZE. 

awl  made  from  the  ulna  of  the  elk;  this  was  highly  polished,  as 
is  shown  in  the  specimen.  Fig.  41  shows  four  awls  which  may 
be  taken  as  types  found  in  every  portion  of  the  village ;  these  are 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       47 


made  from  the  shoulder  blades  of  the  deer.  Fig.  42  is  a  good 
representation  of  awls  made  from  the  tarsometatarsus  of  the  wild 
turkey.  These  awls  are  beautifully  made  and  highly  polished. 
Some  of  them  are  ornamented  with  incised  lines  and  grooves, 
while  others  are  perfectly  plain.  Awls  made  from  this  bone  are 
the  most  common  and  are  found  in  the  graves,  refuse  pits  and 
sites  of  the  tepees.  In  the  mussel  bakes,  previously  described, 
scattered  promiscuously  among  the  shells  were  found  a  great 


FIG.  41.     AWLS  MADE  FROM  THE  SHOULDER 
BLADE  OF  THE  DEER.  ONE- 
HALF  NATURAL  SIZE. 


number  of  these  bone  awls  and  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that 
these  awls,  as  well  as  those  shown  in  Figs.  7  and  43,  may  have 
been  used  for  awls,  but  at  the  same  time  served  a  double  purpose 
of  awls  and  forks.  Fig.  7  shows  a  large  awl  taken  from  a  grave 
in  the  mound  which  is  upward  of  &|  inches  in  length  and  is  deco 
rated  at  one  end  with  a  carved  head  of  a  fox  or  some  closely 
allied  animal.  These  large  awls  are  very  abundant  and  found  in 
every  portion  of  the  village.  Fig.  43  shows  specimens  which  are 


4S       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  I'illagc  Site. 


quite  numerous,  both  in  the  graves  and  tepee  sites.  One  of  the 
most  interesting-  of  the  bone  implements  found  in  the  village  site 
and  graves  is  the  double  pointed  a\vl.  These  vary  in  length  from 
U  to  6  inches.  All  are  beautifully  wrought  and  highly  polished. 
The  larger  ones  may  have  been  used  as  perforators  or  hair  pins. 
Fig.  44  ((/,  b  and  c )  were  taken  from  graves.  These  were  in 
variably  found  directly  beneath  the  skull ;  ( a )  is  made  from  the 
tibiotarsus  of  a  bird;  (b)  is  made  from  the  heavy  leg  bone  of  the 

deer  and  (c}  is  made 
from  antler.  Fig.  45 
shows  two  large  dou 
ble  pointed  awls  which 
may  have  been  used 
for  spear-points ;  these 
t\\o  specimens  werj 
evidently  made  from 
the  heavy  leg  bone  of 
the  elk  or  like  animal. 
Fig.  46  shows  two 
specimens  which  were 
no  doubt  used  for 
pins.  From  one  grave 
seven  were  taken 
from  around  the  head 
and  in  another  five, 
still  others  from  two 
to  four.  In  one  of  the 
refuse  pits  was  found 
a  concretion  with 
seven  of  these  small 
pins  placed  in  regular 
order  on  the  inside ;  with  these  were  placed  three  bone  beads. 
This  is  shown  in  Fig.  47.  These  pins  are  found  in  every  por 
tion  of  the  village  in  great  numbers  and  must  have  been  gener 
ally  used.  Needles,  in  the  perfect  state,  made  of  bone  are  spar 
ingly  found  in  the  village  site.  However,  many  broken  needles 
were  in  evidence,  especially  in  the  refuse  pits.  All  are  provided 
with  a  circular  eye,  which  is  always  placed  at  the  largest  end  of 


FIG.    42.       AWLS    MADE   FROM    THE    TARSOMETATAR- 
SUS     OF     THE     WILD    TURKEY.       ONE- 
HALF    NATURAL    SIZE. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       49 

the  needle.     Fig.  48  illustrates  a  very  fine  needle,  which  is  n£ 
inches  in  length  and  made  from  a  rib  of  the  elk,  from  which  most 


FIG.    43.      LARGE    BONE    AWLS.      ONE-THIRD    NATURAL    SIZE. 

of  the  needles  are  made.    However,  the  greater  part  of  the  needles 
found  are  perfectly  plain  and  highly  polished ;  a  few  are  orna- 


--_. 


FIG.      45. 


LARGE     DOUBLE     POINTED     AWLS. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


ONE-HALF 


FIG.    44.      DOUBLE    POINTED    AWLS.      ONE-HALF    NATURAL    SIZE. 

mented  with  incised  lines.     Another  implement  of  bone  found  in 
this  village  is  the  knife.     This  is  invariably  made  of  the  shoulder 

blade  of  the  deer 
and  elk.  However, 
a  few  have  been 
found  made  of  the 
posterior  portion 

Q£     j.]^     metapodal 
,      .  , 

bone  of  the  deer, 

Fig.  49  (b)  shows  a  knife  from  the  shoulder  blade 
of  the  deer,  the  spine  is  cut  away  and  the  poscapular  and  pre- 
scapular  portion  are  sharpened  into 
a  blade-like  double  edge  knife.  These 
were    found   in   goodly   numbers    in 
various  portions  of  the  village  and 
were,    no    doubt,     commonly    used, 

...  . 

Many    bone    tubes,    made    from    the 

wing  bones  of  the  various  large  birds  are  found  in  refuse  pits. 

Fig.  50  shows  the  cut  wing  bones  of  the  trumpeter  swan.     These 

4 


Fig.  49  (a). 


DOUBLE  POINTED  PINS. 
NATURAL  SIZE. 


5c       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

specimens  were  found  together  within  a  tepee  site.  Fig.  51  show? 
the  end  of  one  of  these  bones  which  had  been  cut  off  aim  thrown 
into  one  of  the  refuse  pits  some  ten  feet  away. 

Fish' Hooks.  —  The  remains  of  fish,  such  as  bones  and  scales 
found  in  the  refuse  pits,  shows  that  fish  formed  one  of  the  articles 
of  food  of  these  primitive  people,  and  further  that  they  employed 


FIG.     47.      SHOWING    IRON    CONCRETION,    CONTAINING    PINS    AND    BEADS. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 

fish  hooks,  made  of  bone,  as  one  means  of  procuring  food,  as  evi 
denced  by  the  finding  of  perfect  and  broken  hooks  in  this  village. 
Less  than  one  dozen  perfect  hooks  have  been  found,  while  more 
than  a  score  of  broken  ones  were  taken  from  the  village  as  well 
as  every  stage  in  the  manufacture  of  this  implement.  The  hooks 
are  similar  in  every  respect,  the  only  noticeable  difference  being 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       51 

that  the  end  of  the  shank  is  usually  enlarged  or  grooved 
for  the  attachment  of  the  line.  Fig.  52  (a,  b,  c.  d,  and 
e)  shows  five  fish  hooks.  These  were  taken  from  the 
graves  and  refuse  pits ;  (a)  was  taken  from  a  burial 
in  the  village ;  it  was  placed  near  the  head  and  with 
it  were  placed  a  number  of  the  incisor  teeth  of  the 
beaver  and  pins  made  of  bone  and  horn.  The  hook 
is  made  from  the  tibiotarsus  of  some  bird,  perhaps 
that  of  the  wild  turkey.  This  hook  is  of  fine  work 
manship  and  well  polished.  It  has  a  round  shank 
and  two  well-cut  grooves  in  the  upper  end  of  the 
shank.  The  point  of  the  hook  is  sharp  and  finely 
polished.  Viewed  horizontally  from  the  end,  this 
hook  shows  the  marrow  cavity  of  the  bone,  (d  and 
c)  are  two  finely  wrought  hooks  which  were  found 
together.  They  were  taken  from  near  the  center 
of  one  of  the  refuse  pits  and  had,  no  doubt,  been 
accidentally  lost.  These  hooks  are  made  from  the 
heavy  bone  of  some  animal,  perhaps  that  of  the  deer 
or  elk,  as  neither  side  shows  the  marrow  cavity. 
They  are  perfectly  finished,  of  fine  workmanship 
and  perhaps  excel  in  that  particular  any  that  we 
have  so  far  found  in  the  village.  The  top  of  the 
shank,  as  shown  in  (d)  has  five  well-cut  grooves 
on  one  side  and  four  on  the  other ;  these  do  not  ex 
tend  entirely  around  the  shank.  In  (e)  the  grooves 
extend  entirely  around  the  shank  and  are  three  in 
number,  (b)  shows  another  well- wrought  fish  hook, 
made  from  the  tibiotarsus  of  some  large  bird.  The 
shank  is  flat  and  apparently  unfinished,  the  top  is 
enlarged  for  the  attachment  of  the  line.  This  was 
taken  from  the  ashes  which  covered  the  platform  in 
the  mound,  (c)  is  a  very  small  hook  with  a  long 
'shank  and  enlarged  top.  The  base  of  the  hook  is 
finely  wrought  and  highly  polished,  while  the 
upper  part  of  the  shank  is  practically  finished, 
but  rather  rough  and  is  not  so  highly  pol- 


52       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  I'illagc  Site. 


ished 
This 
site, 
hooks 


found,   but 


y 

49.     BONE    KNIVES.     TWO-THIRDS 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


as    other    specimens    found    in    the    village. 

was  found  with  a  burial  from  the  village 
Not  only  were  the  broken  and  perfect 
every  stage  in  the  manufacture 
of  this  implement  was  brought  to 
light.  In  Fig.  53  (a)  is  a  piece 
of  the  tibiotarsus  of  the  wild  tur 
key,  which  may  be  considered  the 
first  stage  in  the  manufacture  of 
this  hook;  (b]  is  the  second 
stage  when  the  work  of  cutting 
out  the  center  has  begun;  (c,  d, 
and  c')  are  the  next  stages  when 
the  work  has  proceeded  farther ; 
(/•')  might  be  considered  the  next 
stage  when  the  center  has  been 
practically  cut  away;  (g)  has 
entered  the  stage  when  one  end 
has  been  practically  finished;  (h) 
is  the  last  stage  before  the  bone 
is  cut  and  the  hook  made.  Here 
the  hooks  are  practically  finished 
with  the  exception  of  the  top  of 
the  shank  for  the  attachment  of 
the  line  and  the  point.  By  cut 
ting  the  bone  at  the  proper  place 
at  each  end  of  this  prepared  bone, 
two  hooks  could  be  made  instead 
of  one.  The  hooks  found  in  this 
village  compare  very  favorably 
with  those  found  at  the  Baum 
village,  which  is  situated  on 
Paint  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the 
Scioto.*  Of  the  fish  hooks  found 
the  Baum  village  all  can  be 


in 


*A  description  of  the  fish  hooks  found  at  the  Baum  village  site 
with  a  comparison  of  those  found  at  Madisonville  and  other  places  was 
given,  by  the  writer,  in  a  short  paper  before  the  American  Association  for 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Abound  and  Village  Site.       53 


readily  duplicated  at  the  Gartner  vil 
lage,  as  well  as  the  various  stages  in 
its  manufacture. 

Woven  Fabrics  and  Ornaments.  — 
Fragments  of  fabrics  woven  from  veg 
etable  fibre  were  found  in  the  graves, 
but  more  especially  in  the  storehouses, 
where  it  had  been  charred  and  thus  pre 
served.  This  woven  fabric  was,  no 
doubt,  used  for  clothing  as  well  as 
pouches,  mats,  etc.,  and  in  no  case  was 
any  found  except  those  that  were 
charred  so  that  the  fabrics  found  were 
too  fragmentary  to  determine  the  fibre 
from  which  they  were  made.  In  the 
bottom  of  the  storehouses  great  quan 
tities  of  corn,  beans,  and  hickorynuts, 
were  stored,  with  them  would  invaria 
bly  be  found  portions  of  pouches,  used 
for  carrying  and  collecting  nuts  and 
grain,  and  mats  which,  no  doubt,  cov 
ered  the  bottom  of  the  storehouses. 
Closely  associated  with  the  fabrics  was 
the  pottery,  for  upon  almost  every  frag 
ment  of  this  much  used  domestic  uten 
sil  was  the  imprint  of  a  woven  fabric. 
However,  this  is  characteristic  of  the 
pottery  of  the  Scioto  valley.  Personal 
ornaments  of  great  variety  were  found 
in  the  graves  and  throughout  the  entire 
village,  but  more  especially  in  the  refuse 
pits,  where  they  were,  no  doubt,  acci 
dentally  thrown.  For  the  most  part 

they  were  made  of  shell,  which  consist-   Fu;    _0  CUT  WING  ^  .   (. 
ed   of   two   kinds,    the   common   mussel       TRUMPETER  SWAN.     ONE 
shells  obtained  from  the  river,  and  the          HALF  NATURAL  SIZE. 

the  Advancement  of  Science,  which  met  in  Baltimore,  December  28,  1901, 
and  was  published  in  Vol.  7  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Histo 
rical  Society  publications. 


54       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 


FIG.    51.      CUT   BONE.      TWO- 
THIRDS   NATURAL   SIZE. 


large  and  small  ocean  shells,  no  doubt  obtained  by  barter.  The 
larger  ocean  shells  were  cut  and  formed  into  gorgets,  beads,  and 
pendants,  while  the  small  ocean  shells  were  usually  pierced  with 
a  hole  for  attachment  and  no  other  work  done  upon  them.  The 
larger  ocean  shell  gorgets  which  are  shown  in  Figs.  12  and  13 

were  found  with  burials  in  the  mound 
previously  described.  However, 
these  gorgets  were  evidently  highly 
polished  originally,  as  in  several 
places  this  polish  still  remains.  The 
larger  size  is  always  made  from  the 
ocean  shell  and  the  smaller  ones,  as 
in  Fig.  54  are  about  equally  divided  between  the  fresh-water 
mussel  and  ocean  shells  and  vary  in  diameter  from  f  to  i£  inch. 
The  gorget  to  the  left  in  Fig.  54  is  made  from  ocean  shell  and 
found  with  a  skeleton  in  one  of  the  mound  burials.  The  other 
gorget,  in  the  same  figure,  is  made  from  the  fresh-water  mussel 
shell  and  was  taken  from  a  burial  in  the  village  site.  These  are 
invariably  pierced  with  a 
hole  in  the  center  which 
varies  from  |  to  £  inch  in 
diameter.  These  holes  were, 
no  doubt,  set  with  pearls  or 
stone,  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  17. 
These  gorgets  are  found 
throughout  the  entire  village 
as  well  as  every  stage  in  the 
manufacture  of  this  orna 
ment.  The  crescent,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  55,  was  taken 
from  a  grave  in  the  village. 
The  crescents  made  from 
shell  are  quite  common  in  the  burials  of  the  Gartner  mound,  as 
well  as  those  of  the  village.  But  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to 
ascertain  they  have  not  been  found  in  any  great  numbers  out 
side  of  this  particular  place.  During  the  three  seasons  of -ex 
plorations  at  the  Baum  village,  not  a  single  perfect  or  broken 


FIG.     52.      PERFECT    FISHHOOKS.      TWO- 
THIRDS    NATURAL   SIZE. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       55 


crescent  was  found,  while  every  other  ornament  made  of  shell 
can  readily  be  duplicated  at  the  Baum  village. 


f 


FIG.     53. 


TWO-THIRDS 


STAGES     OF     FISHHOOK     MANUFACTURE. 
NATURAL   SIZE. 

Shell  Beads.  —  The  beads  made  of  shell  and  averaging  from 
j  to  -J-  inch  in  diameter  with  a  hole  in  the  center,  were  very  abun 
dant,  in  some  in 
stances  between  seven 
and  eight  hundred 
were  found  with  a 
single  skeleton.  The 
most  of  these  beads  ^mm  •K/  V-. 

v  *  \        *•    i     <*'  '*. ' : 

were  made  from 
ocean  shells.  They  are 
highly  polished  and 
show  a  high  degree  of  skill  in  their  manufacture. 

Shell  Pendants.  —  The  pendants  were  frequently  made  from 
shell,  both  ocean  and  fresh  water,  but  the  majority  of  them  were 


FIG.  54. 


SHELL    GORGETS.       TWO-THIRDS    NATURAL 
SIZE. 


56       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  tillage  Site. 


made  from  the  fresh-water  mussel  shell.    They  were  cut  into  long 
strips  averaging  from  2  to  3  inches,  and  were  pierced  with  a  hole 

at  the  top  for  attach 
ment.  However,  a 
number  of  them  were 
triangular  in  form. 
These  were  usually 
from  i  to  IT]  inches 
in  length  and  pierced 
with  two  holes  at  the 
The  greater  number  of  these  were  found  in 


FIG.    55.      SHELL    CRESCENT. 


NATURAL    SIZE. 


top  for  attachment, 
the  graves. 

Pendants  and  Beads  Made  of  Bone.  —  Fig.  56  shows  pen 
dants  made  from  the  digits  of  the  wild  turkey. 
These   occur   in   great   numbers   and   are   asso 
ciated  more  particularly  with  the  burials.  Fig. 
57  is  an  illustration  of  a  necklace  found  in  one 
of  the  refuse  pits.     It  is  made  up  of  six  canine 
teeth  and  six  incisor  teeth  of  the  elk.     Three 
of   the   canine   teeth   are    perforated    with   two  FIG.  56. 
holes  and  three  with  one  hole ;  three  of  the  in-      MADE 
cisor  teeth  are  perforated  with  one  hole,  while 
three  have  a  crease  cut  entirely  around  the  root  of  the  tooth  for 
attachment.     The  canine  and  incisor  teeth  of  the  elk  were  invari- 


PENDANTS 
OF      DIGITS 
OF    WILD   TURKEY. 


FIG.    57.      NECKLACE   OF   ELK   TEETH. 

ably   used    for    ornaments   and    in    a   number   of   instances   bone 
beads  and  shell  were  combined  to  form  a  necklace,  and  invariably 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       57 


FIG.     58.       PENDANTS    MADE    OF    CANINE 
TEETH     OF    BLACK    BEAR. 


the  incisor  of  the  elk  formed  the  pendant  to  this  necklace.  The 
canine  teeth  of  the  black  bear  (see  Fig.  58)  are  found  in  abun 
dance  in  this  village ;  they  were 
used  for  pendants  and  the  per 
forations  are  drilled  from  side 
to  side  through  the  base  of  the 
root.  Many  of  them  are  much 
worn  from  long  use.  The  most 
common  of  the  ornaments  used 
is  the  bone  bead.  These  occur  in 
great  numbers  everywhere  and 
are  associated  with  almost  every 
necklace  taken  from  the  graves. 
They  are  usually  made  from  the 
wing  bones  of  the  bird  and 
especially  that  of  the  wild 
turkey  and  vary  in  length 
from  i  to  5  inches.  In  sev 
eral  instances  as  many  as 
forty  beads  have  been  taken  from  a  single  refuse  pit.  These 

were  scattered 
promiscuously 
through  the  tic 
bris  and  were, 
no  doubt,  lost 
from  time  to 
time.  A  good 
illustration  of 
the  beads  is 
shown  in  Fig. 
59.  Fig.  60  is 
an  illustration  of 
the  humerus  of 
the  wild  turkey. 
Near  the  head 
FIG.  59-  BONE  BEADS.  of  the  humerus 

are  three  perforations  on  each  side.     To  these,  no  doubt,  were 
attached  rattles  or  ornaments,  which  were  carried  in  the  hand. 


58       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 


The  perforated  humeri  of  the  wild  turkey  are  occasionally  met 
with  in  all  sections  of  the  village.  They  are  not  found  in  the 
graves,  but  usually  occur  in  the  refuse  pits.  Fig.  61  shows  digit 
bones  of  the  deer,  one  end  of  which  has  been  re 
moved  and  the  other  end  perforated  with  a  small 
hole.  These  are  found  in  abundance  in  the  re 
fuse  pits,  but  none  of  them  have  been  taken 
from  the  graves.  Fig.  62  shows  cut  jaws  and 
heads  of  various  animals.  These  are  found 
throughout  the  village,  but  none  in  the  graves. 
Fig.  62  (a)  is  a  cut  jaw  of  the  gray  wolf  show 
ing  carnatial  tooth,  and  the  two  molars.  This 
is  evidently  an  unfinished  piece,  as  perfect  speci 
mens  are  found  in  the  village  which  show  that 
the  upper  part  of  the  jaw  had  been  cut  away 
so  as  to  expose  the  ends  of  the  roots.  These 
were  used  for  ornaments;  (b}  of  Fig.  62  is  the 
head  and  lower  jaw  of  the  mink.  The  pos 
terior  part  of  the  skull  has  been  cut  away,  ex 
posing  the  brain  cavity.  The  top  of  the  skull 
shows  deep  cuts  as  well  as  the  lower  jaw,  near 
the  angle.  These  were,  no  doubt,  made  to  se 
cure  the  lower  jaw  to  the  skull  and  perhaps 
for  attachment  as  an  ornament.  These  speci 
mens  were  taken  from  one  of  the  refuse 
pits.  The  skull  of  the  dog  was  also  found 
in  one  of  the  refuse  pits  which  had  been 
treated  in  the  same  manner.  Fig.  62  (c) 
is  part  of  the  left  ramus  of  the  mandible 
of  the  deer.  In  this  specimen  the  jaw  has 
been  cut  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  sym- 
physis,  while  at  the  posterior  extremity 
the  condyle  and  coronoid  process  has  been 
broken  away  preparatory  to  the  manufac 
ture  into  some  ornament.  Fig.  62  (d]  shows  the  anterior  portion 
of  the  ramus  containing  the  incisor  teeth.  Fig.  62  (e)  is  the  right 
ramus  of  the  mandible  of  the  wild  cat,  which  has  been  cut  similar 
to  that  of  the  deer  just  described.  Fig.  62  (/)  is  a  skull  of  the 


FIG.   60.      PERFORATED 

HUMERUS     OF     WILD 

TURKEY. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       59 

wild  turkey.  These  are  found  in  abundance  everywhere  in  the 
village.  The  upper  surface  of  the  skulls  are  usually  perforated 
with  one  or  more  holes  and  were,  no  doubt,  used  for  rattles,  as 
they  were  found  in  the  graves,  where  they  encircle  the  lower  limbs 
just  below  the  knee.  These  heads  usually  contain  from  one  to  five 
small  round  pebbles. 

Pipes.  —  The  practice  of  smoking-  is  indicated  by  the  pres 
ence  of  stone  pipes,  finished  and  unfinished,  found  in  every  sec 
tion  of  the  village.  The  pipes  were  made  for  the  most  part  of 
fine  grained  sandstone ;  yet  several  were  found  made  of  greenish 
argillyte,  while  still  others  were  made  of  clay  resembling  very 
much  the  clay  used  in  making  their  pottery. 

The  peculiar  platform  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  9,  taken  from  the 
mound,  has  not  been  duplicated  in 
the  village.  However,  another  form 
of  platform  pipe  is  shown  in  Fig. 
63,  which  seems  to  be  the  prevail 
ing  type  of  platform  pipes.  This 
specimen  is  made  of  greenish  com 
pact  argillyte.  The  bowl  is  placed 
near  the  larger  end,  which  is  deco 
rated  with  incised  lines.  In  this 
particular  specimen  the  bowl  has 

,         ,  ,       ,     .,     r     ,,        ...  FIG.   6l.      CUT  DIGITS  OF  DEER. 

been  broken,  but  it  fully  illustrates 

the  type  and  the  labor  necessary  in  the  manufacture  of  this  abo 
riginal  artifact.  Fig.  64  is  another  type  of  pipe  found  in  this  vil 
lage.  It  is  made  of  compact  sandstone,  while  Fig.  65  taken  from 
one  of  the  refuse  pits,  is  made  of  clay.  The  unfinished  pieces 
found  in  this  village  show  that  a  great  amount  of  work  has  been 
required  in  their  manufacture  and  that  the  work  of  pecking  and 
rubbing  is  done  first  and  the  hole  is  drilled  in  the  bowl  next,  and 
lastly  the  hole  is  drilled  in  the  stem. 

Wlietstoncs.  —  Whetstones  are  very  common  in  the  village 
site.  They  are  simply  pieces  of  fine  grained  sandstone  which  have 
been  used  to  sharpen  objects  made  of  bone  and  in  the  manufac 
ture  of  ornaments  made  of  shell.  The  majority  of  these  speci 
mens  are  flat  and  have  grooves  cut  into  them  caused,  no  doubt,  by 
sharpening  the  needles  and  awls.  However,  some  of  these  whet- 


6o       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  yillagc  Site. 


stones  are  symmetrically  cut,  having  edges  and  sides  perfectly 
smooth,  while  others  were  simply  finger-shaped  pieces  of  fine 
grained  sandstone,  which  had  been  used  upon  all  sides. 

METHOD  OF   BURIAL   IN   THE  VILLAGE. 

The   dead  were  evidently  buried   in  close  proximity   to  the 
habitat  of  these  people  and  were  similar  in  every  respect  to  the 


FIG.    62.      CUT   JAWS   AND   HEADS. 

burials  in  the  Baum  village  site,  along  Paint  creek.  Each  family 
apparently  had  their  own  burial  ground,  which  was  in  close  prox 
imity  to  the  home.  No  evidence  was  found  that  the  bodies  had 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       61 


been  placed  upon  scaffolds  and  afterward  reinterred.     In  the  ma 
jority  of  the  graves  the  body  was  placed  at  full  length,  as  is 


FIG.    63.       PLATFORM    PIPE. 

shown  in  Fig.  66  and  with  it  was  placed  implements  and  orna 
ments  which,  no  doubt,  represented  the 

property    of   the   deceased   at   the   time    of 

death.    However,  a  single  burial  was  found 

in  the  bottom  of  a  refuse  pit ;  a  photograph 

of  this  burial  is  shown  in  Fig.  67,  which 

shows    that    the    body    was 

made  to  conform  to  the  size 

of  the  pit.    The  head  is  bent 

forward    and    the    legs    are 

flexed   so   that   the    feet   are 

very    near    the    pelvis ;    one 

arm  is  flexed  parallel  to  the 

body  with  the  hand  near  the 

head,    while   the   other    lays 

across  the  body.     However, 

not  many  burials  of  this  kind  are  found  and  it  occurred  to  me  that 
perhaps  this  was  an  emergency  burial, 
occurring  during  the  winter  when 
the  ground  was  frozen  so  that  excava 
tions  could  not  be  made,  consequently  the 
storehouse  was  cleaned  out  and  the  body 
placed  therein  and  covered  with  a  few 
inches  of  soil.  It  was  afterward  used  as 
a  refuse  pit.  Fig.  68  shows  a  double 
By  referring  to  this  figure  one  can  readily  see  that  the 

legs  and  head  are  higher  than  the  body.     This  was  caused  by 


FIG.    64. 


UNFINISHED    SANDSTONE 
PIPE. 


FIG.      65.         PERFECT      CLAY 
PIPE    FROM    REFUSE    PIT. 

burial. 


62       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 

digging  the  grave  over  a  refuse  pit.  The  head  and  feet  extending 
beyond  the  confines  of  this  pit,  and  as  decomposition  took  place,  the 
body  would  naturally  sink,  with  the  loose  material,  into  the  pit, 
leaving  the  legs  and  head  higher  than  the  other  portions  of  the 
body.  In  this  particular  burial,  which  represents  two  old  people, 
male  and  female,  the  bodies  were  buried  side  by  side.  The  male 
to  the  right  with  the  right  arm  under  the  skull  of  the  female. 


FIG.   66.      ONE  OF  THE  BURIALS    IN   THE  VILLAGE. 

With  them  were  buried  two  finely-polished  celts,  which  can  be 
seen  near  the  pelvic  region  and  near  the  head  two  more  were 
found  similar  to  those  just  mentioned.  Only  one  can  be  seen  in 
the  photograph.  At  the  back  of  the  head  and  between  the  two 
skeletons  were  placed  a  number  of  beads,  ornaments  of  shell,  fish 
hooks,  beaver  teeth,  awls,  pins,  etc.,  which  were,  no  doubt  the 
property  of  these  individuals. 

No  remains  of  the  cremated  dead  or  evidence  that  cremation 
was   practiced   outside  of   the   large   crematory   was    discovered, 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site.       63 

which  shows  that  the  majority  of  the  dead  of  the  village  were 
cremated  and  placed  in  the  mound. 

The  explorations  of  the  Gartner  mound,  during  the  season 
of  1902,  followed  by  the  investigation  in  the  village,  which  sur 
rounds  the  mound,  in  1903,  have  successfully  proven  that  the 
primitive  inhabitants  of  the  village  were  the  builders  of  the  mound, 
as  evidenced  by  the  artifacts  found  in  the  ashes  of  the  cremated 


FIG.    67.      SHOWS    BURIAL    IN    REFUSE    PIT. 

dead  and  the  regular  burials  of  the  mound,  being  similar  in  every 
respect  to  those  found  in  the  village.  Further,  that  the  culture 
of  these  primitive  people  was  quite  uniform  and  resembles  in 
all  the  essential  points  the  culture  of  the  prehistoric  inhabitants 
in  the  Paint  Creek  valley  at  the  Baum  village  site.  In  the  manu 
facture  of  their  pottery  and  especially  in  reference  to  their  designs 
and  shapes,  their  products  were  quite  similar.  In  the  manufac 
ture  of  their  implements,  such  as  the  fish  hooks,  scrapers,  awls, 
and  needles,  and  various  implements  in  stone,  as  shown  by  the 


64       Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site. 


Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  rillagc  Site.        65 

various  stages  in  the  manufacture  of  these  implements  that  they 
were  in  every  respect  similar  to  those  at  the  Baum  village.  The 
ornaments  of  bone  and  shell  taken  from  the  mound  and  village  can 
readily  be  duplicated  at  the  Baum  site  with  but  one  exception, 
namely,  the  shell  crescent,  which  was  found  only  at  the  Gartner 
site.  The  examination  further  shows  that  these  people  were  agri 
culturists,  depending  upon  the  products  from  the  soil  to  tide  them 
through  the  long  winters,  as  shown  by  the  storage  of  corn  and 
beans  in  the  subterranean  storehouses  dug  for  that  purpose.  Fur 
ther  that  there  was  inter-tribal  trade,  as  evidenced  by  the  ocean 
shells  and  mica  found  in  almost  every  portion  of  the  village. 
This  investigation  has  also  brought  out  the  fact  that  these  primi 
tive  people  had  a  domesticated  dog,  whose  osteological  charac 
ter  accords  with  that  of  the  dog  found  at  the  Baum  village  site. 


SHOWS    POTTERY    DECORATIONS. 


5* 


PART   III 
Explorations  of  the  Baum  Village  Site 


Explorations  of  the  Baum 
Prehistoric  Village  Site 


BY 

WILLIAM    C.   MILLS,    M.  Sc. 

(Curator  Ohio  State   Archaeological   and  Historical  Society) 


Reprint  from  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Quarterly 
Volume  XV,   Number  1. 


Columbus 
PRESS   OF    FRED.    J.    HEER 

1906 


NO  TIE'. 

This  report  is  reprinted  from  the  fifteenth  annual  publi 
cation  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society, 
for  the  convenience  of  those  who  are  only  interested  in  the  Arch 
aeological  Department  of  the  Society.  The  annuals  complete  are 
sent  only  to  members  of  the  Society  or  others  especially  entitled 

to  them. 

E.  O.  RANDALL,  Secretary, 

Columbus,  Ohio. 
4 


BAUM   PREHISTORIC  VILLAGE. 


WILLIAM  C.  MILLS. 

The  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  site  is  situated  in  Twin  Town 
ship,  Ross  County,  Ohio,  just  across  the  river  from  the  small 
borough  of  Bourneville,  upon  the  first  gravel  terrace  of  Paint 
Creek. 

The  Paint  Creek  valley  is  drained  by  Paint  Creek,  a  stream 
of  irregular  turbulence,  flowing  in  a  northeasterly  direction,  and 
emptying  into  the  Scioto  River,  south  of  Chillicothe.  The  Valley, 
at  the  site  of  this  village  upwards  of  two  miles  in  width,  is  sur 
rounded  on  the  east  and  west  by  high  hills  which  are  the  land 
marks  of  nature,  but  little  changed  since  the  days  of  the  pre 
historic  inhabitants. 

Spruce  Hill,  Fig.  i,  with  steep  slope  covered  with  a  dense 
forest,  towers  above  the  surrounding  hills  on  either  side.  The 
top  of  this  hill  is  made  a  veritable  fortress  by  an  artificially  con 
structed  stone  wall,  enclosing  more  than  one  hundred  acres  of 
land.  This  fortress  would  no  doubt  furnish  a  place  of  refuge  to 
those  who  might  be  driven  from  the  extensive  fortifications  in  the 
valley  below,  which  are  in  close  proximity  to  the  mounds  and 
village  of  those  early  people. 

Looking  to  the  south  and  east  from  the  village  site,  one  can 
see  lofty  hills  rising  in  successive  terraces,  no  longer  covered 
with  the  deep  tangled  forest,  but  transformed  by  the  woodman's 
axe,  and  now  under  cultivation,  producing  the  golden  corn,  which 
is  our  inheritance  from  primitive  man  who  inhabited  the  Valley 
of  Paint  Creek  many  centuries  ago. 

The  village  extends  over  ten  acres  or  more  of  ground,  which 
has  been  under  cultivation  for  about  three-quarters  of  a  century. 
Almost  in  the  center  of  this  village,  near  the  edge  of  the  terrace 
to  the  west,  is  located  a  large  square  mound.  This  mound  and 
the  earthworks  which  are  directly  east  of  it,  have  been  known 
since  early  times  as  the  landmarks  of  the  early  settlers  in  this 
section  of  Ross  county.  The  mound  was  first  described  by  Squier 

5 


6          Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


FIG.  l  —  Spruce  Hill. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.          1 

and  Davis  in  1846,  in  their  Ancient  Monuments  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  page  57,  where  they  give  a  description  and  drawing  of 
these  works  (Fig.  2).  However,  Squier  and  Davis  do  not  men 
tion  the  fact  that  a  village  was  present,  nor  that  they  knew  of 
the  village,  as  is  shown  by  their  description.  "This  work  is  sit 
uated  on  the  right  bank  of  Paint  Creek,  fourteen  miles  distant 
from  Chillicothe.  It  is  but  another  combination  of  the  figures 
composing  the  works  belonging  to  this  series,  just  described; 


FlG.    '2  —  Baum    Earthworks    (After    Squier   &   Davis).     The   village   site    surrounds   the 
square  truncated  mound  marked  on  the  drawing. 

from  which,  in  structure,  it  differs  in  no  material  respect,  except 
that  the  walls  are  higher  and  heavier. 

It  is  one  of  the  best  preserved  works  in  the  valley ;  the  only 
portion  which  is  much  injured  being  at  that  part  of  the  great 
circle  next  to  the  hill,  where  the  flow  of  water  has  obliterated 
the  wall  for  some  distance.  The  gateways  of  the  square  are  con 
siderably  wider  than  those  of  the  other  works  —  being  nearly 
seventy  feet  across.  A  large,  square,  truncated  mound  occurs  at 


8          Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

some  distance  to  the  north  of  this  work.  It  is  one  hundred  and 
twenty  feet  broad  at  the  base,  has  an  area  fifty  feet  square  on 
the  top,  and  is  fifteen  feet  high.  Quantities  of  coarse,  broken 
pottery  are  found  on  and  around  it.  A  deep  pit,  or  dug  hole,  is 
near,  denoting  the  spot  whence  the  earth  composing  the  mound 
was  taken."  This  description,  though  meager,  attracted  the  at 
tention  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  and  they  sent  a  field  party, 
under  the  direction  of  Mi.  Middleton,  to  explore  the  mound,  and 
I  herewith  quote  from  the  twelfth  annual  report  of  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  1890  and  1891.  "The  mound  was  composed  for 
the  most  part  of  clay,  mottled  considerably  with  black  loam  and 
slightly  in  some  places  with  patches  of  a  grayish,  plastic  lime. 
Cross  trenches  were  run  due  north  and  south  and  east  and  west, 
respectively.  The  breadth  of  these  at  the  side  was  from  five  to 
six  feet,  but  as  they  penetrated  inward  they  widened  gradually, 
so  that  at  the  center  the  excavation  became  thirteen  feet  in  diam 
eter.  Considerable  lateral  digging  was  done  from  these  trenches 
to  uncover  skeletons  and  other  indications  appearing  in  their  sides. 

''Two  series  of  upright  postmolds,  averaging  five  inches  in 
diameter  equidistant  ten  inches,  and  forming  a  perfect  circle 
twenty-six  feet  in  diameter,  constitute  a  pre-eminent  feature  of 
this  mound.  Within  these  circular  palings  the  mound  was  pene 
trated  systematically  by  thin  seams  of  fine  sand,  sagging  in  the 
center  and  averaging  one  foot  apart.  Resting  upon  the  natural 
black  loam  at  the  bottom,  timbers  averaging  eight  inches  in  di 
ameter  radiated  from  the  center,  and  in  the  south  and  west 
trenches  were  noticed  to  extend  continuously  to  the  posts.  These 
timbers  were  detected,  for  the  most  part,  by  their  burnt  remains 
and  also  by  the  molds  of  dark  earth  in  the  yellow  clay,  produced 
by  the  decomposition  of  wood.  Directly  over  these  timbers  was 
a  horizontal  line  of  decayed  and  burnt  wood,  but  mostly  decayed, 
averaging  half  an  inch  thick.  The  upright  postmolds  of  the  lower 
series  were  very  distinct  and  measured  five  feet  in  vertical  height. 
In  one  was  found  a  small  sliver  of  what  appeared  to  be  black 
walnut.  Several  of  them  contained  the  burnt  remains  of  wood, 
and  in  many  of  these  instances  the  black  bark  was  clinging  to 
the  sides. 

"Separating  this  from  the  superstructure,  as  will  be  seen  by 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.          9 

reference  to  Fig.  3,  was  a  thin,  sagging  streak  of  burnt  clay.  Here 
and  there  upon  its  surface  scant  traces  of  black  wood  ashes  were 
seen,  while  a  small  quantity  of  white  bone  ashes  lay  scattered 
upon  its  western  border.  This  burnt  streak  overlaid  a  thin  sand 
seam,  below  which  it  seems  it  could  not  penetrate.  The  post- 
molds  of  the  superstructure  consisted  of  a  double  row,  the  outer 
one  being  uniformly  directly  over  the  lower  series  in  a  vertical 
line,  and  separated  from  the  latter  entirely  around  the  circle  by 
a  solid  line  of  gravel.  The  two  rows  of  the  upper  structure 


SECTION  a. 
FIG.  3  —  Cross  sections  of  the  Baum  Mound.     (Middleton,  B.   E.   Report  12.) 

averaged  eighteen  inches  apart.  Both  might  have  extended  orig 
inally  above  the  surface  of  the  mound,  since  they  were  discovered 
between  one  and  a  half  and  two  feet  beneath  the  surface,  which 
had  been  considerably  plowed.  Horizontal  timber  molds  a  little 
smaller  in  diameter,  filled,  in  places,  with  charcoal,  could  be 
distinctly  seen  lying  against  the  side  of  each  line  of  posts  at 
the  points  shown  in  the  figure.  These  appear  to  have  been  cross 
beams  or  stays  used  for  bracing  purposes.  In  the  eastern  trench 
a  gap,  three  feet  wide  and  two  inches  deep,  was  noticed  by  the 
absence  of  postmolds  in  both  upper  and  lower  series. 


10        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

"All  the  skeletons  discovered  were  in  the  area  inclosed  by 
these  posts.  The  skeletons  unearthed  were  all  in  a  remarkably 
good  state  of  preservation.  None  of  them  could  have  been  in 
trusively  buried,  for  the  stratification  above  them  was  not  dis 
turbed.  All  excepting  Nos.  15,  16  and  17  lay  upon  one  or  another 
of  the  thin  seams  of  sand. 

"With  skeleton  No.  I  a  bone  implement  was  found  at  the 
back  of  the  cranium,  and  an  incised  shell  and  fragments  of  a  jar 
at  the  right  side  of  it.  With  No.  3,  which  was  that  of  a  child  about 
ten  years  old,  a  small  clay  vessel  was  found  five  inches  behind 
the  cranium.  At  the  left  hand  of  skeleton  No.  8  was  a  shell 
such  as  is  found  in  the  sands  of  Paint  Creek.  A  bone  imple 
ment  was  at  the  back  of  the  cranium  of  No.  9.  With  skeleton 
No.  n,  were  found  a  lot  of  small  semi-perforated  shell  beads, 
and  two  bone  implements  directly  back  of  the  cranium.  By  the 
right  side  of  the  cranium  were  the  perfect  skull  and  jaws  of  a 
wolf,  and  beneath  these  were  two  perforated  ornaments  of  shell. 
In  the  right  hand  was  a  shell,  such  as  is  found  in  the  creek 
near  by,  while  in  the  left  was  a  pipe  fashioned  from  stone. 

"At  the  right  of  the  feet  of  this  skeleton  was  the  extremity 
of  an  oblong  ashpit,  about  four  feet  long  and  two  feet  broad  and 
one  foot  ten  inches  in  depth.  It  was  filled  with  white  ashes 
which  were  evidently  those  of  human  bones,  since  none  but 
human  bones  could  be  identified.  In  these  ashes  and  compactly 
filled  with  them,  was  an  earth  pot.  It  lay  at  the  right  of  the 
feet  of  skeleton  No.  n.  It  was  lifted  out  of  the  ashes  with 
great  care,  but  the  weight  of  its  contents  and  its  rotten  condi 
tion  caused  it  to  break  in  pieces  before  it  could  be  placed  upon 
the  ground.  Numerous  other  pieces  of  pottery  of  a  similar  char 
acter  were  found  in  these  ashes,  and  it  is  not  improbable,  from 
the  indications,  that  all  these  ashes  were  originally  placed  in  pots 
before  interment.  A  perforated  shell  disk,  two  inches  in  diam 
eter,  and  a  lump  of  soggy  sycamore  wood  were  gathered  from 
the  ashes.  Neither  wood  nor  shell  bore  any  signs  of  having 
been  burnt. 

"Skeleton  No.  15  lay  seven  feet  deep  and  a  half  foot  below 
the  general  burnt  streak.  It  was  originally  covered  with  a  wooden 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        11 

structure  of  some  kind,  for  the  cores  of  two  red  cedar  timbers 
were  resting  lengthwise  upon  the  body  and  the  burnt  remains 
of  probably  two  others  could  be  plainly  seen  on  each  side,  placed 
parallel  to  those  upon  the  body.  This  red  cedar  was  still  sound, 
but  the  white  wood  which  envelopes  the  red  cores  seemed  to  be 
burnt  entirely  to  charcoal.  The  indications  are  that  these  tim 
bers  were  originally  one  foot  above  the  body,  for  the  earth  to 
that  extent  over  the  whole  length  of  the  body  was  very  soft. 
The  timbers  were  noticed  to  extend  slightly  beyond  the  head  and 
feet,  while  the  head  upon  which  they  lay  was  upon  its  right  side. 
The  earth  above  them  was  a  mixture  of  clay  and  fine  sand  and 
peculiarly  moist.  The  length  of  this  skeleton  to  the  ankle  bones 
was  six  feet  and  one  inch.  Two  bone  implements  were  found 
at  its  head,  and  at  its  right  side  near  the  head  were  two  frag 
ments  of  polished  tubes  and  a  hollowpoint  of  bone,  which  ap 
pears  to  have  been  shaped  with  a  steel  knife.  Three  bone  im 
plements  were  found  beneath  the  right  elbow  of  skeleton  No.  13." 

I  have  quoted  at  some  length  from  the  Report  of  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  because  it  is  the  only  account  we  have  of  the  ma 
terial  taken  from  the  mound,  which  is  located  almost  in  the 
center  of  the  village  site. 

However,  the  contents  of  the  mound  are  not  available  for 
inspection,  at  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  and  we  are  compelled 
to  rely  upon  the  description  and  drawing  given  by  the  explorer, 
Mr.  Middleton,  both  in  regard  to  mode  of  burial  and  the  arti 
facts  placed  in  the  grave.  So  far  as  I  am  able  to  judge  by  hav 
ing  before  me  the  description  of  the  explorations  of  the  mound 
and  the  implements,  ornaments  and  pottery  found  in  such  pro 
fusion  with  the  burials  in  the  village,  I  would  say  that  the  builders 
of  the  mound  were  isochronological  with  the  dwellers  in  the 
village.  The  bone  arrowpoint  mentioned  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
quotation  as  having  the  appearance  of  having  been  shaped  with 
a  steel  knife,  was  duplicated  many  times  in  every  section  of  the 
village,  and  was  simply  an  unfinished  arrowpoint,  having  been 
worked  with  a  heavy  piece  of  flint  used  as  a  scraper,  and  not  as 
one  would  use  a  steel  knife.  An  ordinary  pocket  glass  will  reveal 
the  concave  appearance  of  the  cut,  and  at  the  same  time  show 
the  scratches  made  by  the  uneven  fracture  of  flint.  I  have  dis- 


12        Explorations  of  the  Baurn  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


cussed  at  some  length  the  making  of  arrowpoints,  from  the  tips 
of  the  tines  and  the  toe  bones  of  the  deer  in  the  Explorations 
of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  site,  Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist. 
Quarterly,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  2. 

In  1897  Dr.  Loveberry,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Moore- 
head,  examined  a  small  portion  of  this  village,  and  I  herewith 
quote  from  the  conclusions  of  Prof.  Moorehead,  which  are  found 
in  Vol.  7,  page  151,  of  the  publications  of  the  Ohio  State  Archae 
ological  and  Historical  Society. 


FIG.    4  —  The    village    site,    mound    in    the    distance    to    the    left. 

"With  other  village  sites  of  the  Scioto  this  has  much  in 
common.  While  larger  than  the  average,  yet  it  can  be  said  that 
it  presents  somewhat  of  a  lower  culture  than  others  connected 
with  great  earthworks.  It  will  be  observed  that  there  is  not  a 
great  number  of  burial  mounds  within  or  without  the  enclosure. 
Those  two  to  four  miles  west,  along  Paint  Creek,  may  have  been 
used  by  the  occupants  of  the  enclosure  for  their  interments,  but 
one  cannot  say  positively.  The  character  of  the  relics  and  the 
lack  of  evidence  of  high  aboriginal  art  at  this  place  are  taken  as 
evidence  of  the  primitive  character  of  the  villagers.  I  do  not 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        13 

think  that  they  were  the  same  people  who  erected  the  earth 
work,  or  of  the  same  tribe.  At  Hopewell's,  Hopetown,  Har 
ness's  and  the  Mound  City  fragments  of  elaborately  carved  shells, 
rings,  polished  pipes,  both  effigy  and  platform,  etc.,  have  been 
found.  None  of  these  truly  polished,  ceremonial,  or  artistic  ob 
jects  were  found  in  the  ash  pits  or  on  the  habitation  sites  of  the 
Baum  village  site.  The  place  is  interesting  in  that  it  shows  a 
lower  degree  of  culture  than  that  evinced  on  the  sites  above  men 
tioned.  This  naturally  brings  forward  the  question  —  Is  this  a 
later  occupation?  Is  it  an  earlier  one?  I  am  convinced  that  it 
antedates  the  construction  of  the  works.  I  do  not  think  it  is 
of  the  historic  period,  and  if  Indian,  of  some  tribe  which  knew 
little  or  naught  of  agriculture.  No  pestles  were  found.  The 
bones  of  animals  and  the  unios  from  the  creek,  found  in  such 
profusion,  would  indicate  the  presence  of  a  hunting  tribe.  No 
foreign  substances  were  present.  Flint  Ridge  material  was  ab 
sent.  Neither  the  effigy  of  the  fox,  nor  the  rude  sculpture  upon 
the  pipe  can  be  classed  with  the  beautiful  carvings  of  other  Scioto 
Valley  culture-sites." 

From  the  above  quotations  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Baum 
Mound  and  Village  Site  has  had  some  attention  from  the  Archae 
ologist  and  was  considered  by  them  of  more  than  ordinary  im 
portance. 

In  the  following  pages  I  give  a  detailed  account  of  the  work 
of  three  seasons  in  the  village,  bringing  to  light  forty-nine  tepee 
sites  which  were  more  or  less  the  permanent  abode  of  the  dwellers, 
one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  burials  which  surrounded  the 
tepees  and  two  hundred  and  thirty-four  subterranean  storehouses, 
in  which  were  stored  the  winter  supplies  and  which  were  after 
wards  used  for  refuse  pits. 

During  the  summer  of  1899,  I  examined  a  section  of  the  vil 
lage  which  lays  directly  south  of  the  mound,  extending  the  work 
to  the  west,  and  finally  ending  the  work  of  the  season  directly 
north  of  the  mound.  During  the  summer  of  1903,  I  examined 
a  large  portion  of  the  village  directly  east  of  the  mound,  and 
during  the  summer  of  1902,  sections  were  examined  northeast 
of  the  mound,  extending  along  the  edge  of  the  gravel  terrace, 
directly  southeast  of  the  mound. 


14        Explorations  of  the  Baiim  Prehistoric  Village  She. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        15 

The  examination  of  these  various  sections  were  made  to 
discover,  if  possible,  the  extent  of  the  village,  as  well  as  to 
ascertain  the  mode  of  life  in  the  various  sections,  and  whether 
the  same  people  inhabited  the  village  in  all  its  parts. 

The  land  upon  which  this  village  is  situated  has  been  owned 
by  the  Baums  for  more  than  three  quarters  of  a  century.  At 
the  present  time  the  land  upon  which  the  village  proper  is  situ 
ated  is  owned  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Baum  and  Mr.  Pollard  Hill,  and 
through  the  kindness  of  these  gentlemen,  I  was  not  in  any  way 
restricted  in  my  examination  of  the  village ;  in  fact,  they  as 
sisted  me  in  many  ways  to  make  the  work  pleasant  and  profit 
able.  About  three  quarters  of  a  century  ago,  Mr.  Baum's  grand 
father  cleared  this  land,  which  was  then  covered  with  a  growth 
of  large  trees  of  various  kinds,  such  as  the  black  walnut,  oak 
sycamore,  and  ash,  and  it  has  practically  been  under  cultivation 
ever  since.  The  top  surface  consists  of  from  twelve  to  thirty-six 
inches  of  leaf  mould,  and  alluvial  deposit,  which  overlies  a  thin 
stratum  of  compact  clay.  Directly  beneath  this  clay  or  hardpan, 
is  found  gravel. 

During  the  entire  examination  of  this  village,  something  less 
than  two  acres  of  ground  was  dug  over,  and  examined  inch  by 
inch  by  the  aid  of  the  pick,  spade  and  small  hand  trowel,  bringing 
to  light  the  habitations  and  burial  places  of  these  early  people. 

No  one  living  in  this  section,  not  even  those  cultivating  the 
soil  for  the  three  quarters  of  a  century  mentioned,  knew  that  the 
remains  of  a  buried  city  of  a  prehistoric  people  lay  only  a  few 
inches  beneath  the  surface.  As  the  examination  progressed  it 
was  evident  that  a  few  pages,  at  least,  of  the  history  of  remote 
time,  were  being  revealed  in  the  deep  pits,  which  served  as  sub 
terranean  storehouses  for  the  early  agriculturists.  A  few  more 
pages  were  brought  to  light  when  deep  down  in  the  clay,  the 
burial  grounds  for  each  family  were  discovered,  and  still  a  few 
more  pages  when  the  tepee,  with  its  fireplace,  stone  mortars,  im 
plements  and  ornaments,  lying  in  profusion  upon  the  floor  of  the 
little  home,  partially  told  in  silent  language  of  the  great  drama 
of  life,  enacted  by  those  early  people. 

T  herewith  "resent  a  drawing,  Fig.  6,  of  a  portion  of  the 


16        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


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hio.  ti  —  Tepee  site,  surrounded  on  One  side  by  the  burial  ground  and  on  the  other 
by  underground  storehouses. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        17 

village  farthest  to  the  northeast  of  the  mound,  which  shows  the 
site  of  a  large  tepee,  the  largest  found  during  the  explorations 
and,  perhaps,  the  most  interesting  in  this,  that  this  tepee  was 
never  changed  and  always  occupied  the  exact  ground  upon  which 
it  was  originally  built,  while  in  many  other  instances  the  tepee 
was  shifted  from  place  to  place,  even  occupying  the  ground  used 
for  burial  purposes,  and  the  deserted  tepee  site  afterwards  be 
ing  used  for  the  burial  of  the  dead,  or  for  subterranean  store 
houses.  As  I  have  stated,  this  tepee  was  the  largest  found  in 
the  village ;  of  oblong  construction  and  measuring  upwards  of 
twenty-one  feet  in  length  by  twelve  feet  in  width  inside  of  the 
posts.  The  posts  were  large,  as  shown  by  the  postmolds,  and 
consisted  of  twenty-one  set  upright  in  the  ground,  the  smallest 
being  five  inches  in  diameter  and  the  largest  nine  and  one-fourth 
inches.  On  the  inside  seven  other  posts  similar  in  size  to  the  outer 
ones  were  promiscuously  placed,  presumably  for  the  support  of 
the  roof.  The  posts  for  the  most  part  consisted  of  the  trunks  of 
small  trees,  with  the  bark  attached,  placed  in  the  ground.  The 
imprint  of  the  bark  was  quite  visible,  but  the  trees  all  being 
young  it  would  be  impossible  to  identify  from  the  bark  the  kind 
of  trees  used  in  the  construction  of  the  tepee.  The  posts  were 
made  the  proper  length  by  the  use  of  fire,  and  no  doubt  the 
trees  were  felled  by  fire,  for  at  the  bottom  of  the  postmolds 
charcoal  was  invariably  found.  The  covering  of  the  tepee  evi 
dently  consisted  of  bark,  grass  or  skins,  as  no  indications  were 
found  pointing  to  the  use  of  earth  as  a  mud  plaster  in  the  con 
struction  of  the  sides  or  top.  The  fireplace  was  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  tepee  and  was  about  four  feet  in  diameter,  six  inches 
deep  at  the  center  and  three  inches  deep  at  the  edge,  and  had 
very  much  the  appearance  of  having  been  plastered  from  time  to 
time  with  successive  layers  of  ciay.  The  earth  beneath  the  fire 
place  was  burned  a  brick-red  to  the  depth  of  eight  inches.  The 
original  floor  of  the  tepee  had  been  made  fairly  smooth,  but  almost 
six  inches  of  earth  had  little  by  little  and  from  time  to  time  been 
placed  upon  the  floor.  This  earth  had  scattered  through  it  im 
plements  and  ornaments,  both  finished  and  unfinished,  polishing 
2 


18        Explorations  of  the  Banin  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

stones,  broken  pottery,  hammer  stones,  a  large  stone  mortar,  and 
many  animal  bones,  especially  of  the  deer,  raccoon,  bear,  and 
wild  turkey.  As  the  animals  named  were  most  likely  killed 
during  the  winter  season,  one  must  infer  that  the  tepee  was  the 
scene  of  domestic  activities  during  the  winter,  and  that  during 


FlG.    7  —  Animal    bones,    mussel    shells,    broken    pottery,    mortars,    hammer    stones   and    im 
plements  of  bone,   stone  and  shell  taken   from   the   refuse   pits. 

the  spring,  summer  and  autumn  the  preparation  of  food  was 
mostly  done  outside  of  the  tepee  at  the  large  fireplaces  marked 
upon  the  drawing  (Fig.  6).  However,  the  tepee  described  above 
is  not  typical  of  the  village  as  far  as  size  and  shape  and  sur 
roundings  are  concerned.  The  average  tepee  is  about  one-half 
the  size  and  invariably  circular  in  form,  and  the  posts  used  in 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.  '      19 

their  construction  much  smaller.  The  inside  of  the  tepees  are 
practically  all  the  same.  The  surroundings  of  the  tepee,  such  as 
the  subterranean  storehouses  and  the  burial  places,  depend  upon 
the  size  of  the  tepee.  Surrounding  the  large  tepee  just  described, 
to  the  south  was  the  burial  ground  where  thirty  burials  were 
unearthed,  the  largest  in  the  village.  Of  these  burials  twenty 
had  not  reached  beyond  the  age  of  adolescents,  showing  that 
sixty-six  and  two-third  per  cent,  of  the  family  group  never 
reached  the  adult  age.  Fourteen  of  the  twenty  were  under  six 
years  of  age,  showing  that  the  mortality  among  small  children 
was  very  great,  being  fully  seventy  per  cent.,  not  taking  into  ac 
count  the  four  small  babies  found  in  the  refuse  pits  which  sur 
rounded  the  tepee.  The  mortality  of  the  young  under  the  adult 
age  in  this  family  is  greater  than  in  any  other  individual  family 
discovered  in  the  village.  Out  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven 
burials  unearthed  in  the  village,  seventy-four  were  under  the  age 
of  sixteen,  showing  that  fully  fifty-eight  per  cent,  of  the  children 
never  reached  the  adult  age.  Of  the  seventy-four  children  under 
the  age  of  sixteen,  fifty-six  were  under  the  age  of  six  years, 
showing  that  fully  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  children  born  to 
these  early  peoples  died  before  they  attained  the  age  of  six  years, 
not  taking  into  account  the  twenty-four  very  small  babies  found 
in  the  ashes  and  refuse  in  the  abandoned  subterranean  storehouses 
in  various  parts  of  the  village. 

The  burials  of  this  wigwam  group  present  another  interest 
ing  feature,  found  in  only  one  other  part  of  the  village,  that  of 
placing  perfect  pieces  of  pottery  in  the  grave.  Four  burials  rep 
resenting  five  individuals,  had  each  a  pottery  vessel  placed  near 
the  head.  All  were  carefully  removed,  but  were  more  or  less 
broken  by  freezing.  The  vessels  have  been  restored  and  will  be 
described  elsewhere  in  this  monograph.  Two  of  the  vessels  were 
placed  with  -adults  and  each  contained  a  single  bone  awl  made 
from  the  shoulder  blade  of  the  deer;  a  few  broken  bones  of  the 
deer  and  wild  turkey  were  found  in  one,  and  quite  a  number 
of  mussel  shells  with  a  few  deer  bones  were  found  in  the  other. 
The  other  two  vessels  were  placed  in  the  graves  of  children. 


20        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

One  with  a  double  burial,  as  shown  in  Fig.  6,  a  few  broken  bones 
of  the  wild  turkey  were  found  in  the  vessel,  together  with  two 
mussel  shells  worked  into  spoons.  The  vessel  was  placed  near 
the  head  of  the  older  child,  whose  age  would  not  exceed  four  and 
one-half  years.  Two  large  bone  awls  made  of  the  heavy  leg 
bones  of  the  elk  were  placed  outside  of  the  vessel  and  near  the 
head,  while  in  all  the  other  burials  where  pottery  was  found,  the 
awls  were  placed  inside  of  the  vessel.  The  other  vessel  contained 


FIG.  8  —  Headless  skeleton,  with  a  large  pottery  vessel  placed  at  the  head  of  the  grave. 

bones  of  fish  and  a  few  small  mussel  shells,  together  with  an 
awl  made  from  the  tibiotarsus  of  the  wild  turkey. 

Another  interesting  feature  of  one  of  the  burials  of  this 
group  and  which  was  not  found  in  any  other  section  of  the  vil 
lage,  was  the  finding  of  a  fine-grained  sand-stone  slab,  nineteen 
and  one-fourth  inches  long  by  five  inches  in  width  by  one  inch 
thick  placed  under  the  head  of  the  skeleton.  The  slab  had  the 
appearance  of  having  been  water  worn,  but  had  received  an  ad- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        21 

ditional  polish  by  rubbing,  the  effect  being  noticeable  over  the 
entire  surface  of  the  stone.  One  side  is  perfectly  plain;  the  other 
side,  finely  polished,  contains  three  indentations  about  one-eighth 
of  an  inch  deep,  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Another  feature  of  this  interesting  group  is  the  finding  of  a 
few  copper  beads  associated  with  shell  beads  in  one  of  the  burials. 
This  find  is  the  only  instance  where  copper  was  found  during  the 
entire  exploration  in  the  village.  However,  it  shows  that  the 
denizens  were  familiar  with  and  possessed  this  very  desirable 
metal. 

The  refuse  pits  surrounding  the  tepee  to  the  north  were  per 
haps  the  most  interesting  in  the  village,  for  here  abundant  evi 
dence  was  found  showing  that  the  refuse  pits  were  originally  in 
tended  and  used  for  a  storehouse  for  corn,  beans  and  nuts,  and 
perhaps,  for  the  temporary  storage  of  animal  food,  etc.,  and 
afterwards  used  as  a  receptacle  for  refuse  from  the  camp.  For 
some  time  I  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  large  cistern-like  holes 
were  dug  for  the  express  purpose  of  getting  rid  of  the  refuse,  but 
as  the  explorations  progressed  I  soon  discovered  their  real  pur 
pose  by  finding  the  charred  remains  of  the  ears  of  corn  placed 
in  regular  order  on  the  bottom  of  the  pit ;  and  I  was  further 
rewarded  by  finding  pits  in  various  sections  of  the  village  con 
taining  charred  corn,  beans,  hickory  nuts,  walnuts,  etc.,  which 
had  been  stored  in  the  pit  and  no  doubt  accidentally  destroyed. 
Since  completing  my  examination  of  the  Baum  Village  I  ex 
amined  the  Gartner  Mound  as  well  as  the  village  site  which  sur 
rounded  the  mound,  and  find  that  the  two  villages  had  very  much 
in  common.  The  family  grouping  and  the  subterranean  store 
house  were  identical  in  every  respect  with  those  at  the  Baum 
Village,  therefore,  I  quote  from  my  report  upon  this  village  site, 
Vol.  13,  page  128,  publications  of  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Society,  including  a  photograph  of  explorations  at 
Gartner's  showing  the  close  proximity  of  the  pits  and  the  large 
number  exposed  at  one  time :  "The  refuse  pits,  which  are  so 
abundant  in  the  villages  of  the  Paint  Creek  valley,  were  present 
in  great  numbers  and  distributed  over  the  village  site  surround- 


22        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site. 

ing  the  habitats  of  the  various  families.  Fig.  No.  9  shows  ten  of 
these  pits  open  at  one  time.  During  the  examination  in  the  vil 
lage,  more  than  one  hundred  pits  were  found  and  thoroughly  ex 
amined.  The  evidence  produced  by  this  examination  shows  that 
twenty  per  cent,  of  the  pits  examined  were  originally  used  for 
storehouses  for  grain,  beans  and  nuts,  and  perhaps  for  animal 
food.  These  pits  were  lined  with  straw  or  bark  and  in  some  in 
stances  the  ears  of  corn  laid  in  regular  order  upon  the  bottom; 
in  other  instances  the  corn  was  shelled  and  placed  in  woven  bags ; 
in  others  shelled  corn  and  beans  were  found  together;  in  others 
hickory  nuts,  walnuts,  chestnuts  and  seeds  of  the  pawpaw  were 
present  in  goodly  numbers.  All  this  was  in  the  charred  state,  acci 
dentally  caused,  no  doubt  by  fire  being  blown  into  these  pits  and  the 
supplies  practically  destroyed  before  the  flames  were  subdued. 
The  burning  of  these  supplies  must  have  been  a  great  loss  to 
these  primitive  people  and  may  have  caused  them  great  suffer 
ing  during  the  severe  winters,  but  it  has  left  a  record  of  their 
industry  which  never  could  have  been  ascertained  in  any  other 
way.  The  great  number  of  pits  found,  which  show  conclusively 
by  their  charred  remains  their  early  uses,  would  lead  one  to  be 
lieve  that  all  the  pits  found  were  used  originally  for  underground 
storehouses  and  by  spring  time,  when  the  supplies  were  likely 
consumed,  a  general  forced  cleaning  up  of  their  domiciles  and 
surroundings  would  occur  and  the  empty  storehouse  would  serve 
as  a  receptacle  for  this  refuse,  which  was  henceforth  used  for 
that  purpose  until  completely  filled.  During  the  autumn,  when 
the  harvest  time  came,  a  new  storehouse  would  be  dug  and  the 
grain  and  nuts  gathered  and  stored  for  winter  use.  The  exam 
ination  of  the  pits  has  brought  out  the  above  conclusions,  as 
evidenced  by  the  refuse  therein.  Near  the  bottom  of  the  pits  will 
invariably  be  found  the  heads  of  various  animals  such  as  the 
deer,  with  antlers  attached,  black  bear,  raccoon,  gray  fox,  rabbit 
and  the  wild  turkey,  as  well  as  the  large,  heavy,  broken  bones  of 
these  animals  such  as  would  likely  be  found  around  a  winter 
camp.  Further,  some  of  the  large  bones  showed  that  they  had 
been  gnawed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  indicate  the  presence  of  a 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        23 


24        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  yillage  Site. 

domesticated  dog,  whose  presence  was  further  corroborated  by 
finding  his  remains  in  every  part  of  the  village.  Therefore,  tak 
ing  all  these  facts  into  consideration,  one  must  necessarily  infer 
that  the  spring  cleaning  took  place  and  animal  bones,  broken 
pottery  and  the  general  refuse  was  thrown  into  the  pits.  Further, 
the  remains  of  fish  are  seldom  ever  found  near  the  bottom  of  the 
pits,  but  usually  occur  from  the  top  to  about  the  middle.  Mussel 
shells  are  never  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  pits,  but  are  usually 
found  near  the  middle  or  half  way  between  the  middle  and  top 
of  the  pit.  We  know  that  fish  and  mussels  must  be  taken  during 
the  spring,  summer  and  autumn  and  are  certainly  very  hard  to 
procure  during  the  winter."  The  same  conditions  as  described 
above  were  found  at  Baum  Village. 

Another  notable  feature  in  this  village  was  the  finding  of 
the  Indian  dog,  and  I  quote  from  my  preliminary  report,  page 
81,  Vol.  X,  Publication  of  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical 
Society :  "The  bones  of  the  old  Indian  dog  were  found  in  great 
numbers,  and  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  this  dog  was  one  of 
their  domestic  animals,  for  it  is  known  that  dogs  were  domesti 
cated  long  before  the  earliest  records  of  history,  their  remains 
being  found  in  connection  with  the  rude  implements  of  the 
ancient  cave  and  lake  dwellers  all  through  Europe.  However, 
the  history  and  description  of  the  Indian  dog,  in  the  ancient  times, 
is  yet  a  subject  far  from  solution.  The  remains  of  the  dog  found 
in  this  village  site  were  described  by  Professor  Lucas,  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institute  at  Washington,  as  being  a  short-faced  dog, 
much  of  the  size  and  proportions  of  a  bull  terrier,  though  prob 
ably  not  short-haired.  Professor  Lucas  says  he  has  obtained  spec 
imens  apparently  of  the  same  breed  from  the  village  sites  in 
Texas  and  from  old  Pueblos.  Professor  Putnam,  of  Harvard 
University,  for  more  than  twenty  years  has  been  collecting  bones 
of  dogs  in  connection  with  pre-historic  burials  in  various  parts 
of  America,  and  a  study  of  the  skulls  of  these  dogs  found  in  the 
mounds  and  burial  places  in  Florida,  Georgia,  South  Carolina, 
Ohio,  Kentucky  and  New  York,  and  from  the  great  shell  heaps 
of  Maine,  show  that  a  distinct  variety  or  species  of  dog  was  dis- 


Explorations  of  the  Bawn  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        25 

tributed  over  North  America  in  pre-Columbian  times.  Appar 
ently  the  same  variety  of  dog  is  found  in  the  ancient  site  of  the 
Swiss  Lake  dwellers  at  Neufchatel,  also  in  the  ancient  tombs  of 
Thebes  in  Egypt.  Professor  Putnam  further  says :  "This  variety 
of  dog  is  apparently  identical  with  the  pure-bred  Scotch  Collie 
of  to-day.  If  this  is  the  case,  the  pre-historic  dog  in  America, 
Europe  and  Egypt  and  its  persistence  to  the  present  time  as  a 
thoroughbred  is  suggestive  of  a  distinct  species  of  the  genus  canis, 
which  was  domesticated  several  thousand  years  ago,  and  also  that 
the  pre-historic  dog  in  America  was  brought  to  this  continent  by 
very  early  emigrants  from  the  old  world." 

He  further  states :  "That  comparisons  have  not  been  made 
with  dogs  that  have  been  found  in  the  tribes  of  the  Southwest, 
the  ancient  Mexicans,  and  with  the  Eskimo." 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century  Columbus  found 
two  kinds  of  dogs  in  the  West  Indies  and  later  Fernandez  de 
scribed  three  kinds  of  dogs  in  Mexico,  and  as  Professor  Lucas 
has  been  able  to  trace  the  Baum  Village  dog  into  the  far  South 
west,  it  is  very  likely  one  of  the  kinds  described  by  Fernandez. 
However,  it  must  be  admitted  that  comparisons  have  not  been 
made  with  sufficient  exactness  to  place  the  Baum  Village  dog 
with  any  of  those  described  by  the  early  writers. 

During  the  entire  exploration  fifty  bones  of  the  dog  were 
removed,  representing  perhaps  as  many  individuals.  Some  of 
the  bones  showed  marks  of  the  flint  knife  upon  them,  others 
were  made  into  ornaments,  while  others  were  broken  in  similar 
manner  to  bones  of  the  deer  and  raccoon.  Seven  skulls  were 
found,  but  all  had  been  broken  in  order  to  remove  the  brain. 

During  the  explorations  at  the  Gartner  Village,  which  is  lo 
cated  six  miles  north  of  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  along  the  Scioto  River, 
remains  of  the  Indian  dog  were  found  in  the  refuse  pits  similar 
to  those  at  the  Baum  Village,  and  their  osteological  character  ac 
cord  in  every  respect  with  the  dog  found  at  the  Baum  Village  site. 

FOOD    RESOURCES. 

From  our  examination  of  this  village  and  the  evidence  re 
vealed  by  the  refuse  pits  and  the  sites  of  their  little  homes  shows 
that  these  early  inhabitants  were  not  savages  depending  entirely 


26  Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

upon  the  wild  food  for  their  subsistence,  but  were  barbarians  hav 
ing  a  settled  place  of  abode,  a  developed  agriculture,  the  storage 
of  food  supplies  for  future  use,  and  the  domestication  of  at  least 
one  animal,  namely,  the  Indian  dog,  which  of  all  animals  would 
best  show  adaptation  to  his  master's  wants  and  pleasures. 

ANIMAL    FOOD. 

It  is  evident  from  the  large  quantity  of  animal  remains  found 
in  the  pits,  that  the  inhabitants  of  Baum  Village  site  depended 
upon  the  chase  for  a  very  large  part  of  their  subsistence.  Every 
where  about  the  village,  especially  in  the  abandoned  storehouses 
and  in  the  sites  of  wigwams,  the  broken  bones  of  various  ani 
mals,  that  were  used  as  food,  were  found  in  abundance.  The 
abandoned  storehouse  was  a  veritable  mine  for  animal  bones.  A 
memorandum  of  all  the  bones  taken  from  one  pit  was  made. 
The  pit  measured  three  feet  and  seven  inches  in  diameter  by 
five  feet  ten  inches  in  depth  and  contained  375  bones  and  shells, 
some  of  which  were  mere  fragments,  while  others,  such  as  the 
leg  bones  of  the  beaver,  groundhog  and  raccoon  were  in  a  per 
fect  state.  A  summary  of  all  the  bones  and  shells  is  as  fol 
lows  :  Virginia  deer,  thirty-five  per  cent. ;  wild  turkey,  ten  per 
cent. ;  two  species  of  fresh  water  unios,  ten  per  cent ;  gray 
fox,  ten  per  cent. ;  raccoon,  five  per  cent. ;  black  bear,  five  per 
cent. ;  box  turtle,  five  per  cent. ;  the  remainder  of  the  bones  be 
ing  divided  about  equally  between  the  groundhog,  wild  cat,  elk, 
opossum,  beaver,  rabbit,  wild  goose,  and  great  horned  owl.  By 
far  the  largest  number  of  bones  were  those  of  the  Virginia  deer 
(Odocoileus  virginianvis).  Out  of  twenty  barrels  of  bones 
brought  to  the  museum,  fully  thirty-five'  per  cent,  were  of  this 
animal.  It  will  therefore  be  safe  to  say  that  thirty-five  per 
cent,  of  all  the  animals  used  for  food  by  these  aboriginal  inhab 
itants  of  Baum  Village  were  the  Virginia  deer.  At  the  Gartner 
Village,  six  miles  north  of  Chillicothe,  this  animal  constituted 
fully  fifty  per  cent,  of  all  the  animals  used  for  food. 

The  general  characteristic  of  the  deer  at  Baum  Village  was 
similar  to  the  modern  species.  The  antlers  have  a  sub-basal  snag 
beyond  which  the  beam  is  curved  forward  and  soon  after  forks 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        27 

dichotomously,  the  lower  fork  again  forking,  presenting  a  beam 
with  three  practical  vertical  tines  rising  above  it,  thus  demon 
strating  that  the  Virginia  deer  has  remained  practically  unchanged 
since  the  time  of  these  aboriginal  inhabitants. 

During  the  explorations  three  hundred  and  fifty  lower  jaws 
were  removed  from  the  refuse  pits,  which  would  represent  about 
that  number  of  individual  animals.  Of  this  number  only  one  jaw 
has  been  removed  in  perfect  condition,  the  others  being  more  or 
less  broken.  Out  of  the  three  hundred  and  fifty  jaws  examined, 
fifty  seven  were  from  young  deer  under  the  age  of  maturity,  and 
sixty-two  were  those  of  old  animals  having  their  teeth  very  much 
worn.  In  the  remainder  the  teeth  were  in  a  perfect  condition, 
and  showed  that  the  animal  had  reached  the  age  of  maturity. 

Fifty  skulls  of  this  animal  were  procured  from  the  refuse 
pits,  and  only  two,  or  four  per  cent,  of  the  fifty  were  females, 
and  the  remaining  forty-eight  or  ninety-six  per  cent,  were  males. 
Seventy-four  per  cent,  of  the  males  were  killed  during  the  Fall 
and  Winter  seasons,  while  only  twenty-two  per  cent,  were  killed, 
during  the  Spring  and  Summer.  The  small  per  cent,  of  female 
skulls  shows  that  aboriginal  man,  in  the  killing  of  animals,  made 
a  selection  with  reference  to  the  perpetuation  of  the  source  of 
supply.  Moreover,  the  great  quantity  of  animals  killed  during 
the  Fall  and  Winter,  shows  that  the  huntsman  depended  largely 
upon  animal  food  to  tide  him  through  the  Winter.  In  the  other 
seasons,  corn,  beans  and  nuts  of  various  kinds  furnished  him 
his  subsistence. 

Elk  (Cervus  canadensis)  — Is  the  largest  mammal  found  in 
the  village.  The  bones  of  this  animal  are  not  abundant  in  the  refuse 
pits,  perhaps  on  account  of  the  difficulty  in  securing  such  a  large 
and  fleet  animal.  Almost  every  pit  would  reveal  a  few  bones, 
and  these  were  broken  into  small  pieces,  not  a  single  perfect 
large  bone  being  found,  as  all  had  been  broken  into  small  frag 
ments  in  order  that  every  particle  of  attached  food  might  be 
obtained.  The  large  pieces  of  the  heavy  leg  bones  were  made 
into  awls  and  other  implements,  and  the  metapodal  bones  into 
scrapers ;  likewise  every  portion  of  the  large  antlers  were  utilized 
in  the  manufacture  of  celt-like  scrapers,  flaking  tools  and  spear 
points. 


28        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site. 

Black  Bear  (Ursus  americanus) — Appear  in  goodly  num 
bers  in  every  section  of  the  village.  Twenty-three  broken  skulls 
were  removed  from  the  pits,  all  having  the  posterior  portions 
broken  away  in  order  that  the  brain  might  be  removed.  Seventy 
lower  jaws  were  found,  but  all  were  imperfect,  the  defects  be 
ing  caused  by  the  removal  of  the  canine  teeth,  which  necessi 
tated  destroying  the  jaw.  The  canines  of  the  bear  are  the  only 
teeth  used  for  ornament,  and  are  usually  perforated  with  a  small 
hole  near  the  end  of  the  root  for  attachment. 

Wolf  (Canis  occidentalis) — Is  another  large  animal  found 
very  sparingly  in  the  refuse  pits,  and  must  have  been  very  dif 
ficult  to  capture.  During  the  entire  exploration  only  one  head 
was  found  with  the  teeth  in  place,  although  quite  a  number  of 
upper  and  lower  jaws  cut  into  ornaments  were  found.  The  large 
leg  bones  were  also  broken  into  fragments  or  made  into  imple 
ments.  The  canine  teeth  were  perforated  near  the  end  of  the 
root  for  attachment.  The  posterior  premolars  were  invariably  re 
moved  from  the  jaw  and  perforated  for  attachment. 

Mountain  Lion  (Felis  concolor)  — The  bones  of  this  animal 
are  not  met  with  in  abundance  in  this  village,  although  several 
of  the  large  leg  bones  have  been  found  as  well  as  various  por 
tions  of  seven  skulls.  The  broken  bones  are  sparingly  found  in 
every  portion  of  the  village,  and  the  teeth,  such  as  the  canines,  the 
upper  posterior  premolars  and  the  lower  molars  were  perforated 
and  used  as  ornaments. 

Wild  Cat  (Lynx  rufa)  — The  bones  of  this  animal  are  found 
in  great  abundance  in  every  section  of  the  village.  Portions  of 
thirty  skulls  and  parts  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  lower 
jaws  were  secured.  Only  a  few  perfect  leg  bones  were  found 
and  these  showed  plainly  the  marks  of  the  flint  knife  in  remov 
ing  the  flesh  from  the  bones.  The  canine  teeth  were  much  sought 
after  for  ornament  and  not  a  single  lower  jaw  taken  from  this 
village  has  the  canine  teeth  in  place. 

Raccoon  (Procyon  lotor) — The  bones  of  the  racoon  are 
more  abundant  in  this  village  than  any  other  animal  belonging 
to  the  order  Carnivora,  although  every  family  of  the  order  is 
represented.  The  bones  for  the  most  part  were  broken  and  not 
more  than  ten  perfect  femurs  were  secured.  Thirty-five  frag- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        29 

mentary  skulls,  one  perfect  skull  and  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
seven  parts  of  lower  jaws  were  taken  from  the  pits.  The  perfect 
skull  was  that  of  a  very  old  animal.  The  upper  canine  teeth 
seem  to  be  the  only  teeth  selected  from  the  raccoon  for  orna 
ment.  Many  of  the  leg  bones  were  made  into  beads,  and  the 
fibulas  were  invariably  made  into  awls  or  perforators. 

Gray  Fox  (Urocyon  virginianus) — This  animal  was  cer 
tainly  plentiful  in  this  section  of  the  Paint  Creek  Valley,  as  the 
bones  are  found  in  every  part  of  the  village.  During  the  ex 
plorations  over  two  hundred  lower  jaws  and  over  twenty  frag 
mentary  skulls  were  secured. 

Indian  Dog  (Canis)  --This  animal  was  found  in  every  sec 
tion  of  the  village  and  I  have  described  this  dog  at  some  length 
in  the  preceding  pages. 

The  dental  formula  is  as  follows : 

j       3-3         c      1-1         p       4-4         M       2-2  _ 

-i..         ,j    .,  \~s .      ,      ,  JL   .          ,     ,  1VJ..         .,    .,  —  ^t— . 

o-o  1-1  4-4  d-3 

The  canine  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw  are  quite  large  and  strong, 
the  inner  edge  of  each  being  quite  sharp.  The  first  molar  is  large 
with  chisel-shaped  cones  upon  the  surface  of  the  anterior  part 
of  the  tooth,  while  the  posterior  part  is  very  large  and  flattened, 
but  has  a  number  of  small  cusps  arising  from  the  edge  of  the 
tooth ;  this  molar  is  much  larger  than  the  second  and  third 
combined.  In  the  upper  jaw  the  first,  second  and  third  premolars 
are  very  much  alike,  although  the  first  is  single-rooted  and  not 
so  large.  The  fourth  premolar  is  very  large,  with  cone-shaped 
cusps  arising  from  the  crown,  the  inner  part  chisel-shaped  in 
form.  The  two  molars  are  very  different,  although  in  general 
character  alike,  as  the  first  is  very  much  smaller  than  the  second, 
and  both  set  at  right  angles  to  the  premolars.  The  outside  of 
the  anterior  molar  is  made  up  of  two  large  cone-shaped  cusps, 
while  the  inside  of  the  tooth  is  very  large  and  flattened  and  the 
crown  low ;  likewise  the  second  molar  has  two  cone-shaped  cusps 
upon  the  outside  of  the  tooth,  but  much  smaller  in  size. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  this  dog  was  a  domesticated 
animal  and  lived  in  the  village,  as  proof  of  his  presence  is  man 
ifest  in  almost  every  section  of  the  village  by  finding  many 
large  pieces  of  bones  that  had  been  gnawed.  This  discovery  led 


30        Explorations  of  the  Bamn  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

me  to  believe,  even  before  the  remains  of  the  dog  itself  were 
found,  that  his  presence  in  the  village  would  be  discovered.  The 
dog  was  also  used  for  food,  as  his  bones  were  broken  in  a  man 
ner  similar  to  those  of  other  animals  employed  for  food. 

Skunk  (Mephitis  mephitica)  was  not  found  in  abundance  in 
the  village,  though  almost  every  tepee  site  would  reveal  some 
broken  bones  of  this  animal.  During  the  examination  five  im 
perfect  skulls,  two  perfect  skulls,  and  twenty  lower  jaws  were 
found.  The  skulls  were  broken  similar  to  other  animals,  in  order 
to  remove  the  brain,  which  was  no  doubt  used  for  food. 

Mink  (Putorius  vison) — The  bones  of  this  animal  were 
occasionally  met  with  in  every  section  of  the  village.  The  bones 
of  such  a  small  animal  would  readily  be  destroyed  by  the  Indian 
dog.  Three  perfect  skulls,  ten  imperfect,  and  thirty-one  lower 
jaws  were  secured  during  the  explorations. 

Otter  (Lutra  canadensis)  — The  remains  of  this  animal  are 
met  with  quite  frequently.  Twenty  fragmentary  skulls  and  parts 
of  23  lower  jaws  were  secured.  Not  a  single  perfect  specimen 
of  the  larger  bones  was  found. 

Fisher  (Mustela  pennanti)  -  -  The  remains  of  this  animal  are 
sparingly  met  with  and  only  two  broken  parts  of  the  upper  jaw 
with  a  portion  of  skull  attached,  and  five  lower  jaws,  were  found 
among  the  entire  explorations  in  the  village. 

Opossum  (Didelphs  virginianus)  — The  remains  of  this  ani 
mal  are  found  in  more  or  less  abundance  in  the  village,  although 
but  few  remains  are  found  in  the  refuse  pits.  Twenty  imperfect 
skulls  and  twenty-five  parts  of  lower  jaws  were  found.  The 
upper  canine  teeth  were  much  sought  after  for  ornament,  per 
haps  on  account  of  their  size  and  general  appearance,  being  long 
and  gracefully  curved. 

Ground  Hog  (Arctomys  monax)  — The  remains  of  this  ani 
mal  were  found  in  abundance  in  the  refuse  pits.  One  perfect 
skull,  thirty  imperfect  skulls  and  one  hundred  and  five  parts  of 
the  lower  jaw  were  secured. 

Beaver  (Castor  canadensis)  —  The  beaver  is  well  represented 
among  the  animal  remains  found  in  the  village.  Fifty  parts 
of  skulls  and  about  the  same  number  of  parts  of  lower  jaws  were 
secured.  The  incisor  teeth  were  highly  prized  by  aboriginal  man 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        31 

when  cut  and  made  into  ornaments  and  cutting  tools.  The  large 
leg  bones  were  also  found  unbroken  and  might  be  considered 
the  best  preserved  in  the  village. 

Musk  Rat  (Fiber  zibethicus)  — The  bones  of  this  animal  are 
not  found  as  frequently  as  either  the  Ground  Hog  or  the  B'eaver. 
One  perfect  skull  and  parts  of  three  imperfect  skulls  were  taken 
from  the  refuse  pits. 

Rabbit  (Lepus  sylvaticus)  — The  remains  of  the  rabbit  are 
found  in  all  parts  of  the  village.  Two  perfect,  and  parts  of  two 
imperfect  skulls  were  found,  but  the  large  bones  of  the  skele 
ton  were  everywhere  abundant. 

Gray  Squirrel  (Sciurus  carolinensis)  — The  remains  of  the 
squirrel  appear  in  great  numbers,  although  but  parts  of  two 
skulls  were  secured  during  the  explorations,  and  then  only  in 
the  last  season's  work  in  the  village,  however,  the  various  bones 
of  the  squirrel  were  abundantly  found  in  almost  every  tepee  site. 

Weasel  (Mustek  vulgaris) — The  bones  of  this  small  ani 
mal  are  occasionally  met  with  in  the  village,  though  it  is  rea 
sonable  to  believe  that  the  bones  of  this  animal,  as  well  as  those 
of  other  small  animals,  would  be  totally  destroyed  by  the  Indian 
dog.  Portions  of  three  skulls  and  five  lower  jaws  were  found. 

Rice  Field  Mouse  (Oryzomys  palustrus) — The  rice  field 
mouse  is  found  in  great  numbers  in  the  refuse  pits,  attracted 
there  evidently  by  the  grain  and  nuts  stored  for  food. 

Box  Turtle  (Cestudo  virginea)  --The  bones  of  the  common 
box-turtle  are  very  abundant  in  the  village.  From  one  pit  alone 
fifty-nine  carapaces  were  removed,  which  no  doubt  represented 
a  turtle  feast.  The  carapaces  were  frequently  cut  and  made  into 
drinking  vessels  and  spoons. 

Snap  ping-turtle  (Chelydra  serpentina) — This  turtle  is  also 
found  in  all  parts  of  the  village,  but  not  so  plentiful  as  the  box- 
turtle. 

Wild  Turkey  (Meleogris  gallaparo)  —  Fully  eighty  per  cent, 
of  all  the  bones  of  birds  found  in  the  village  site  belong  to  the 
wild  turkey.  The  flesh  of  this  bird  was  certainly  highly  prized 
for  food.  The  large  leg  and  wing  bones  were  made  into  im 
plements  and  ornaments  and  the  skulls  into  rattles. 


32        }:.r[>Ionitions  of  the  Hanin  Prehistoric  J'illagc  Site. 

Great  Horned  Ozvl  (Bubo  virginianus)  — The  bones  of  this 
bird  are  sparingly  met  with,  as  they  were  highly  prized  for 
making  ornaments,  and  the  majority  of  the  large  bones  were  cut 
into  beads. 

Barred  Owl  (Syrnium  varium)--The  bones  of  the  barred 
owl  are  occassionally  met  with.  As  with  the  great  horned  owl, 
the  bones  were  made  into  ornaments. 

Canada  Goose  (Branta  canadensis)  —  •  The  humerus  of  this 
bird  was  found  quite  frequently,  but  the  other  large  bones  were 
manufactured  into  implements  and  ornaments. 

Trumpeter  Swan  (Olor  buccinator) — Like  the  Canada 
Goose,  only  humeri  of  this  large  bird  are  found,  and  those  spar 
ingly. 

Great  Blue  Heron  (Ardea  herodias)  —  Only  a  few  bones  of 
this  bird  were  found. 

Bald  Eagle  (Haliaetus  leucocephalus)  —Only  a  few  bones 
of  the  Eagle  have  been  found  —  one  skull,  several  ends  of  large 
wing  and  leg  bones  that  were  left  from  the  manufacture  of  some 
ornament,  and  a  few  claws. 

Mallard  Duck  (Anas  boochas)  Pintail  (Dafila  acuta)  and 
Canvas-back  (Aythya  vallisneria)  are  found  frequently  in  the  re 
fuse  pits.  Several  skulls  of  each  were  found. 

The  presence  of  great  numbers  of  mussel  shells,  both  in  the 
pits  and  surrounding  the  tepee  sites,  would  indicate  that  this 
shell  fish  was  much  used  for  food.  At  the  Gartner  Village  the 
remains  of  large  mussel  bakes  were  found,*  but  the  large  pits 
used  in  the  preparation  of  the  mussels  for  feasts  were  not  found 
at  the  Baum  site.  However,  large  holes,  from  which  earth  had 
been  taken,  perhaps  for  use  in  the  construction  of  the  mound, 
were  filled  with  the  shells,  and  surrounding  pits  also  contained 
great  numbers  of  the  shells,  indicating  that  a  great  feast  had 
taken  place,  and  that  the  mussels  were  prepared  in  a  way  similar 
to  those  at  the  Gartner  mound. 


*  Accounts  of  the  mussel  bakes   are  given   in  the   Pub.  of  the   Ohio 
State  Archaeological  and   Historical    Society,  Vol.  XIII. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        33 

PLANT  FOOD. 

In  order  to  secure  data  of  certain  cultures  in  each  coun 
try,  historical  records  are  quite  important  and  help  to  deter 
mine  the  origin  of  certain  agricultural  products.  These  rec 
ords  show  that  agriculture  came  originally  from  three  great  re 
gions  which  had  no  communications  with  each  other,  namely, 
China,  South  West  Asia  and  Egypt,  and  inter-tropical  America, 
and  from  these  three  regions  began  great  civilizations  based  upon 
agriculture.  However,  we  find  that  history  is  at  fault  in  giv 
ing  us  much  early  data  concerning  the  third  great  center  of  civ 
ilization  which  does  not  even  date  from  the  first  centuries  of 
the  Christian  era,  but  we  know  from  the  widespread  cultiva 
tion  of  corn,  beans,  sweet  potatoes  and  tobacco,  north  and  south 
of  the  center  of  the  American  civilization,  that  a  very  much 
greater  antiquity,  perhaps  several  thousand  years,  must  be  given 
for  the  perfection  of  these  plants  up  to  the  time  when  history 
begins. 

The  finding  of  charred  corn,  beans,  nuts  and  seeds  of  fruits, 
and  even  the  remains  of  dried  fruit,  in  the  subterranean  store 
houses  in  various  parts  of  the  Baum  Village,  leads  one  to  believe 
that  the  early  inhabitants  were  agriculturists  enjoying  a  certain 
degree  of  civilization.  The  most  important  product  raised  was 
corn  — Zea  mays.*  At  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  America  in 
1492,  corn  was  one  of  the  staples  of  its  agriculture,  and  was 
found  distributed  from  the  La  Plata  Valley  to  almost  every 
portion  of  Central  and  Southern  United  States.  The  natives 
living  in  this  vast  region  had  names  for  corn  in  their  respec 
tive  languages.  A  number  of  eminent  botanists  have  made  care 
ful  explorations  to  find  corn  in  the  conditions  of  a  wild  plant, 
but  without  success. 

The  corn  unearthed  in  the  village  was  always  in  the  aban 
doned  subterranean  storehouses  and  invariably  at  the  bottom  of 
the  pit.  When  any  quantity  was  found  the  charred  lining  of 
the  storehouse  was  present,  which  lining  frequently  consisted 
of  long  grass  and  sometimes  bark.  The  corn,  when  found  in 

*  The   identification    of   the   corn,    beans,    nuts   and    seeds    from   the 
Baum   Village  was   made   by    Professor  J.   H.    Schaffer  of   the   Dept.   of 
Botany,   Ohio   State  University. 
3 


34        Explorations  of  the  Bait  in  Prehistoric  tillage  Site. 

the  ear,  was  laid  in  regular  order,  devoid  of  the  husk,  and  con 
sisted  of  two  varieties,  an  eight  rowed  and  a  ten-rowed  variety. 
The  eight-rowed  variety  had  a  cob  about  half  an  inch  in  diam 
eter  and  short,  while  the  cob  of  the  ten-rowed  variety  was  larger 
and  longer.  The  grains  and  cobs  having  been  charred,  were  in 
a  good  state  of  preservation. 

In  other  pits  the  corn  had  been  shelled  and  placed  in  a 
woven  bag  and  the  charred,  massed  grains  were  removed  in 
large  lumps  with  portions  of  the  woven  bag  attached.  There 
fore  it  seems  reasonable  to  believe  from  the  presence  of  so  many 
storehouses  for  the  care  and  preservation  of  their  most  nutritious 
agricultural  product,  that  corn  was  the  one  staple  upon  which 
prehistoric  man  depended  to  tide  him  through  the  cold  winters, 
and  until  the  harvest  came  again. 

Kidney  Bean  (Phaseolus  vulgaris) — According  to  J.  S.  New- 
berry,  who  published  the  first  flora  of  the  State  (1859),  the  wild 
bean  occurs  generally  throughout  the  State.  This  bean  is  found 
in  abundance  in  the  pits,  sometimes  mixed  with  shelled  corn 
and  placed  in  a  container,  and  sometimes  placed  in  the  store 
house  along  with  nuts  and  dried  fruit  of  the  wild  plum,  and 
was  no  doubt  one  of  the  agricultural  products  of  aboriginal  man 
of  the  Baum  Village  Site.  According  to  the  latest  discoveries, 
in  the  Peruvian  tombs  of  Ancon  and  other  South  American  tombs, 
the  origin  of  the  bean  was  perhaps  in  the  intertropical  Ameri 
can  civilization,  and  no  doubt  spread  northward  to  the  Missis 
sippi  Valley  similar  to  maize.  Beans  were  found  also  in  the 
storehouses  at  the  Gartner  Village,*  and  in  some  of  the  burials 
of  the  Harness  Mound  explored  in  1905.  Three  species  of 
hickory  nuts  were  found  in  abundance  in  the  storehouse.  Hicoria 
ovata  (shell  bark)  was  taken  from  almost  every  pit  where  the 
shells  were  found.  Some  of  the  perfect,  charred  nuts  were  found 
in  the  bottom  of  pits  associated  with  corn  and  beans,  but  the 
ashes  thrown  into  the  pits  from  their  fire-places  usually  contained 
many  charred  shells  of  this  nut. 

Hicoria  minima  (Bitter-nut)  and  Hicoria  laciniosa  were  also 
found  in  the  ashes,  but  not  so  plentiful  as  the  shell-bark. 


*  Explorations  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site,   Vol.  XIII. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        35 

Butternuts  (Juglans  cinera)  and  Walnuts  (Juglans  nigra) 
were  both  found  in  the  perfect  charred  state  in  the  storehouses 
and  the  ashes  from  the  fire-places  contained  many  shells. 

Papaw  seed  (Asiminan  triloba)  and  Haselnut  (Corylus  amer- 
icana)  were  also  found  in  the  bottom  of  the  storehouse. 

Chestnut  (Castanea  dentata)  found  in  small  quantities  in  var 
ious  parts  of  the  village. 

Wild  Red  Plum  (Prunis  americanus) — The  seeds  were 
found  in  the  ashes  and  the  charred  remains  of  the  fruit  with  seed 
were  taken  from  one  of  the  storehouses. 

Wild  Grape  (Vitis  (op)  )  was  found  sparingly  in  a  few  of 
the  pits. 

PREPARATION  OF  FOOD. 

Food,  for  the  most  part,  both  animal  and  vegetable, 
was  prepared  by  cooking,  as  evidenced  by  the  large  fire 
places,  the  innumerable  pieces  of  broken  pottery,  and  the  mor 
tars  and  stone  pestles  used  in  crushing  the  corn,  dried  meats, 
fruits  and  berries.  The  fireplace  was  always  present  within  the 
tepee,  and  several  of  them  could  always  be  found  outside  of  the 
tepee  and  in  close  proximity  to  it.  The  fireplaces  often  show  re 
pair.  When  the  hollow  in  the  ground  became  too  deep  by  long 
use  it  was  filled  up  to  the  proper  depth  by  mud  plaster.  The 
necessary  precautions  were  not  taken  to  remove  all  the  ashes 
from  the  fireplace  before  the  plaster  was  applied,  consequently 
when  the  fire  was  again  placed  in  the  fireplace  it  soon  cracked 
loose,  and  portions  of  burned  clay  were  removed  with  the  ashes 
from  time  to  time  as  the  fireplaces  were  cleaned,  and  the  ashes 
with  the  broken  lining  were  thrown  into  the  pits.  The  large 
stone  mortars,  as  shown  in  Fig.  10,  were  found  in  every  section 
of  the  Village,  and  were  made  from  slabs  of  fine-grained  sand 
stone,  averaging  in  size  from  ten  to  fifteen  inches  in  length,  from 
seven  to  twelve  inches  wide,  and  from  four  to  seven  inches  in 
thickness,  with  a  depression  on  one  side,  in  many  cases  only 
about  one  inch  deep,  while  in  others  the  depression  would  be 
several  inches.  The  stone  pestles  used  in  crushing  corn  and 
preparing  food  to  be  cooked,  were  not  selected  with  any  great 
care  nor  was  very  much  labor  expended  in  their  manufacture,  as 
many  of  them  were  merely  natural  pebbles,  suitable  as  to  size 


86        Explorations  of  the  Haitin  Prehistoric  I'illa^c  Site. 

and  weight,  slightly  changed  by  a  little  pecking  or  rubbing,  while 
others  were  natural  flat  and  rounded  pebbles,  having  a  small  de 
pression  cut  on  each  side.  None  of  the  bell-shaped  pestles  found 
at  the  Gartner  Village  were  found  at  the  B'aum  Village,  although 
the  preparation  of  food  products  was  the  same. 

The  use  of  pottery  in  the  preparation  of  food  was  universal. 


FlG.    10  —  Stone    Mortar,    fifteen    inches   long,   twelve   inches   wide  and   five   inches  thick,    with 
a   cavity    three    inches    in    depth. 

Everywhere  in  the  village  fragments  of  broken  vessels,  as  shown 
in  Figs,  n,  12  and  13,  were  found.  Around  the  fireplaces  both 
in  and  out  of  the  tepee,  pottery  fragments  were  always  present, 
showing  that  the  pottery  was  broken  while  being  used  as  a  cook 
ing  utensil.  The  large  pieces  were  gathered  up  and  thrown 
into  the  open  refuse  pits  near  at  hand,  and  here  we  find  them 
quite  often  with  particles  of  the  charred  food  clinging  to  the 
sides  of  the  broken  vessels.  The  potter's  art  seems  to  have  been 


Explorations  of  the  Banin  Prehistoric  yillage  Site.        37 


. 


n 


FIG.   11  —  Pottery   fragments  showing   decoration  of   rims. 


FlG.    12  —  Pottery   fragment   showing  scroll   decorations. 


38        Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

known  and  practiced  by  each  family  group.  They  became  ex 
pert  in  successfully  tempering  clay  to  strengthen  it,  and  in  then 
carrying  it  through  all  the  stages  of  modeling,  ornamenting. 


FlG.    13  —  Pottery   fragments   showing   decorations   and   handles. 


drying,  and  at  last  burning.  Referring  to  Fig.  14,  found  with 
one  of  the  burials,  and  which  represents  the  highest  type  of  fictile 
aft  found  at  the  Baum  Village,  one  can  see  the  result  of  the  pro- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


39 


FIG.    14  —  Restored   Vase   found   with    one 

and  one-half  inches  high). 


gressive  operations  of  a  very  delicate  and  difficult  nature  which 
required   skill,    foresight,   patience,   and   wide   experience   in   the 

Ceramic  art  to 
produce  such  sym 
metry  and  grace 
as  is  displayed  in 
this  vessel.  The 
decorations  were 
those  made  by 
textile  markings, 
and  occur  over 
the  entire  surface 
of  the  vessel.  The 
impressions  were 
no  doubt  made 
with  a  paddle 
around  which 
cords  had  been 
of  the  burials  (six  wrapped.  The 
handles  are  dec 
orated  by  indentations.  Fig.  15  represents  a  vessel  taken  from 
another  burial  in  the  same  family  group.  This  vessel  is  also 
symmetrically  made  and  the 
markings  \\ere  made  evi 
dently  with  a  pliable  cloth, 
as  they  are  uniform  over  the 
entire  surface,  including  the 
handles.  Fig.  16  shows  a 
vessel  placed  near  the  head 
of  the  skeleton  and  which 
has  been  broken  by  freezing, 
as  the  burial  was  less  than 
twenty-eight  inches  deep. 
Consequently  all  the  pottery 
found  in  the  burials  of  the 
Baum  Village  is  more  or  less 
broken,  but  by  carefully  pre 
serving  the  pieces,  the  ves-  „ 

FIG,  lo — Restored  Vase  found  with  one  of  the 
gel   maV   UStiallv   be    restored,          burials   (five  and  one-half  inches  high). 


40 


Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  I'illage  Site. 


Fig.  17  is  another  restored  vessel  taken  from  the  bottom  of 
one  of  the  storehouses  in  another  section  of  the  Village.  The 
vessel  had  evidently  been  used  as  a  container  for  grain  and  was 
accidentally  broken  in  the  pit  and  left  there.  Fortunately  we 
secured  all  the  pieces  and  were  ably  to  fully  restore  the  beau 
tiful  vessel.  It  is  the  largest  one  that  we  have  been  able  to 
restore,  although  many  others  that  were  very  much  larger  lacked 
only  a  few  pieces  to  fully  restore  them.  The  restored  vessel 

is  nine  inches  high, 
with  a  diameter  of  nine 
and  one-half  inches  at 
the  largest  part  of  the 
bowl. 

Fig.  1 8  is  of  a  very 
plain  vessel  taken  from 
a  grave  in  another  part 
of  the  village.  This 
vessel  has  also  been  re 
stored,  and  is  seven 
inches  high  and  eight 
inches  in  diameter  at 
the  widest  part  of  the 
b  o  w  1.  The  vessel  is 
perfectly  plain,  which 
is  charac  t  e  r  i  s  t  i  c  of 
about  all  the  pottery 
fragments  taken  from 
this  particular  family 
group. 

Fig.  8  shows  this 
same  vessel  before  it 
was  removed  from  the 
grave.  The  skeleton  is 
headless,  and  the  vessel  is  placed  where  the  head  should  have 
been  when  the  body  was  placed  in  the  grave. 

Fig.  19  is  another  vessel  found  with  a  burial.  The  vessel 
was  fully  restored  with  the  exception  of  a  piece  of  the  rim,  which 
had  been  broken  out  before  being  placed  in  the  grave.  The  dec- 


FIG.   16- 


Burial    with   Vase    placed   at   the    head   of 
the  grave. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


41 


FIG.   17  —  Restored   Vase   taken    from   one   of   the 
refuse   pits    (nine   inches   high). 


orations  are  textile  markings,  and  the  impressions  are  very  pro 
nounced  over  the  entire  surface. 

Fig.  20  shows  very 
small  vessels  which  were 
occasionally  found  in  the 
perfect  state ;  however, 
the  broken  pieces  were 
found  in  every  section  of 
the  village.  The  smallest 
of  these  vessels  have  the 
appearance  of  having 
been  moulded  over  the 
end  of  the  finger,  while 
the  largest  is  about  the 
size  of  a  small  teacup. 
They  were  all  rudely 
made  and  undecorated. 
Implements:  The  im 
plements  used  in  the 
chase  and  for  domestic  and  agricultural  purposes  were  found  in 
great  numbers  in  the  abandoned  storehouses  and  the  sites  of  the 

o 

tepees.  For  the  most 
part  they  were  made 
from  bone  and  horn, 
but  implements  made 
from  flint  and  grani 
tic  bowlders  were  in 
evidence  in  all  sec 
tions  of  the  village. 
The  implements  used 
for  agricultural  pur 
poses  and  for  exca 
vating  for  the  store 
houses  were  made  for 
the  most  part  of  large 
mussel  shells.  Im 
plements  made  of 

\\rf\r\A    i»7(-.i-o    nr\    rlriiiKf      '' IG-  1S — Restored  Vase  placed  with  one  of  the  burials 
1    WCI  (seven   inches  high). 


42 


Explorations  of  the  Baitui  Prehistoric  J  Ullage  Site. 


largely  used,  as  charred  remains  of  digging  sticks  and  pieces  of 
wood  that  had  heen  polished  were  frequently  met  with. 

Stone  Implements  — 
The  largest  of  the 
stone  implements,  with 
the  exception  of  the 
stone  mortars  pre 
viously  described,  were 
the  grooved  axes, 
which  were  sparingly 
found  in  the  pits  and 
tepee  sites,  two  speci 
mens  having  been 
found  during  the  en 
tire  explorations,  one 
in  a  tepee  site  and 
one  in  a  r  e  f  u  s  e  pit. 

FIG.  19 -Partially  restored  vessel  taken   from  a  The     St°nC     aXC     f°tln.d 

grave    (six  and   one-fourth   inches  high).  in     the    t  6  p  6  6     site     is 

shown  in  Fig.  21.     It 

is  made  of  fine-grained  blue  granite  rock,  seven  and  one-fourth 
inches  long,  three  and  one-fourth  inches  wide.  The  surface 
shows  the  pecking,  which  had  not  been  entirely  obliterated  by 


1<IG.   20  —  Very  small,  perfect  vessels,  made  of  the  same  material  as  the   larger 
vessels  (half  size.) 

the   grinding   and   polishing  necessary    for   its    completion.      An 
interesting  feature  of  this  axe  is  the  angle  at  which  the  groove 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


43 


is  cut  to  the  blade.  This  type 
of  axe  is  quite  rare  in  Ohio, 
and  not  over  four  specimens 
are  on  exhibition  in  the  mu 
seum  of  the  Society.  The 
other  axe  found  in  one  of 
the  pits  is  an  entirely  dif 
ferent  type,  the  groove  ex 
tending  entirely  around  the 
axe.  It  is  made  from  the 
same  compact  stone  as  the 
axe  described  above,  and  is 
finished  much  in  the  same 
manner. 

Celts  —  This  most  useful 
implement  was  frequently 
met  with  in  all  sections  of  the 
village,  and  ranges  in  size 
from  two  to  six  inches  in 


FIG.   22  —  A  typical  celt  of  the  vil 
lage   (three-quarter  size). 


FIG.  21  —  Rare  type  of  grooved  axe   (length 

seven   and   one-four|h    inches,    width 

three  and  one-fourth   inches). 

length.  All  are  finely  polished. 
Fig.  22  shows  a  typical  celt  found 
in  the  village.  The  celts  were  made 
for  the  most  part  from  compact 
granite  bowlders  ;  others  of  banded 
slate  and  flint.  Specimens  illus 
trating  the  various  stages  in  the 


44        Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  1'illage  Site. 

manufacture  of  the  celt  were  secured  during  the  explorations. 
Celts  were  frequently  placed  with  the  burials.  One  was  the 
usual  number  placed  in  the  grave,  though  in  several  instances 
two  were  found,  and  in  the  grave  of  a  large  adult  male,  three 
celts  were  placed  in  different  parts  of  the  grave  —  one  at  the 
feet,  left  hand  and  head,  respectively.  The  pits  revealed  many 
broken  celts,  showing  that  the  implement  was  in  general  use. 

Hammer  Stones  —  The  hammerstones,  if  abundance  is  to  be 
taken  into  account,  were  perhaps,  the  most  useful  stone  imple 
ments  found  at  the  Baum  Village.  In  the  site  of  a  single 
tepee  twenty-five  to  thirty  would  be  unearthed,  and  very  often 
as  many  would  be  taken  from  a  single  pit.  They  were  made 
of  small,  water-worn  bowlders,  with  a  diameter  of  two  to  four 
inches,  and  the  only  evidence  upon  some  of  the  specimens  show 
ing  that  they  were  used  as  hammerstones  was  the  battered  ends 
or  sides ;  while  others  were  artistically  smoothed  and  polished 
on  various  sides,  and  perhaps  covered  with  a  skin  and  used  as 
a  club-head.  However,  it  was  not  necessary  for  aboriginal  man 
to  expend  unnecessary  work  upon  an  implement  when  a  natural 
bowlder  from  the  river  near  at  hand  would  answer  the  purpose. 
Therefore  it  seems  natural  to  believe  that  all  the  bowlders  of 
proper  size  found  in  the  village  were  more  or  less  utilized  in 
preparing  meal,  cracking  nuts,  breaking  bones  of  animals  used 
for  food,  etc. 

Grinding  or  Polishing  Stones  —  Very  good  examples  of  this 
most  useful  implement  are  shown  in  Fig.  23.  They  are  usually 
made  of  a  fine-grained  sandstone,*  but  numerous  pieces  of  coarse 
grained  sandstone  taken  from  the  top  of  the  hills,  southwest  of 
the  village  were  also  found.  The  grinding  stones  were  indis- 
pensible  in  the  manufacture  of  the  great  variety  of  bone  im 
plements  found  in  the  village,  and  varied  in  size  from  a  slab  of 
sandstone  one  foot  in  length  by  a  few  inches  in  thickness,  to  a 
small  piece  of  sandstone  only  a  few  inches  long  and  one  inch  in 
thickness. 

Chipped  implements  of  flint  were  found  in  every  section  of 
the  village,  both  the  finished  and  unfinished  specimens,  and  were 


Waverly  group. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        45 


made,  for  the  most 
part,  from  flint  pro 
cured  from  the  Flint 
Ridge  section,  and 
showing  about  all  the 
grades  secured  at  this 
famous  prehistoric 
quarry.  The  colors 
also  varied  from  the 
white  or  gray  horn 
stone  through  the 
various  shades  of 
chalcedony  to  the 
variegated  and 
banded  jasper  forms. 
The  greater  part  of 
the  flint  was  brought 
to  the  village  in  large 
pieces,  and  there 
worked  into  imple- 
m  e  n  t  s,  as  several 
large  pieces  of  flint 
were  found  and  the  chips  were  everywhere  present.  The  most 
abundant  of  all  the  objects  made  from  flint  were  the  small,  tri 
angular  arrowheads,  as  shown  in  Fig.  24,  which  represents  all 
the  small  triangular  forms  found  in  the  village.  Points  with 
smooth  edges  were  more  abundant  than  those  with  serrated  edges, 
and  points  having  their  edges  both  serrated  and  smooth  are  not 
uncommon.  The 
triangular  form 

also  predominates  T$tW  >,', 

in  the  larger  forms    fif||  /      |j 

of  spears,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  25. 
The  spear  to  the 
left  is  a  type 
found  in  every 

Section   Of  the  vil-  FIG.   24  —  Typical   triangular  points    (two-thirds  size). 


FIG.     23  —  Whetstones    used    in     making    bone    imple 
ments   (one-third  size). 


46        Explorations  of  the  Bauui  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


FIG.  25  —  Large  triangular  spear  (half 
size). 


A 


v 

FIG.  26  —  Deeply  notched  spear 
point,  blade  very  thin.  Length 
two  and  four-fifth  inches. 


FlG.   27  —  Typical    drills   found  in  the   village    (two-thirds   size). 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        47 


lage.  The  beautiful  spear  point  shown  in  Fig.  26  shows  that  the  in 
habitants  of  Baum  Village  were  able  to  make  points  other  than  the 
triangular  forms.  This  spear  point  is  made  of  dark  flint,  having  a 


FIG.  28  —  Flint  Knives  made  of  red  and  yellow  jasper   (two-thirds  size). 

very  thin  blade,  deep  notches,  and  an  indented  base,  two  and  four- 
fifth  inches  long,  and  one  and  nine-tenth  inches  wide. 

Flint  Drills,  varying  in  length  from  two  to  four  inches,  were 
also  abundant.     Two  kinds  of  drills  were  found :    those  having 

one  point  and 
usually  small,  and 
those  having  two 
points  and  much 
larger,  but  all  have 
the  same  general 
appearance.  F  i  g. 
27  shows  speci 
mens  which  may 
be  considered  typ- 

FlG.    29  —  Flint    Cores.      Specimen    to    left,    red    and    yellow  ical   drills    found   in 
jasper.     Speciment  to  the  right,  maroon  colored  jasper  flip        11a 

(half  size).  "  » 

Flint  Knives  — 

The  flint  knives  flaked  from  the  large  jasper  cores  are  also 
present.  The  knives  are  not  large,  and  vary  in  length  from  one 
and  one-half  to  three  inches.  Fig.  28  shows  representative  spec- 


48        Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  1'illagc  Site. 


imens  made  from  banded  and  variegated  jasper,  showing  sev 
eral  facets  on  the  convex  face,  while  the  concave  face  is  per 
fectly  plain  and  always  regular  and 
smooth  —  clue  to  the  fine  grain  of 
the  chalcedony  and  jasper.  Very 
few,  if  any,  knives  found  in  the 
village  present  any  chipping,  and 
all  have  the  same  general  curve 
from  end  to  end.  The  cores  from 
which  the  knives  are  flaked  are 
shown  in  Fig.  29,  which  represents 
the  two  types  of  cores  found  in  the 
village,  the  conical  core  from  which 
knives  are  flaked  from  all  sides,  and 
the  flat  core  from  which  knives  are 
flaked  from  one  side  only.  The 
latter  type  prevails  in  the  village. 
A  large  number  of  angular  pieces 
of  flint  from  one  to  one  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter  were  found  in 
small  caches  near  the  site  of  the 
tepees,  and  quite  frequently  these 
angular  pieces  were  found  in  the 
burials  and  were  perhaps  used  to 
cut  bone  and  horn,  which  were  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  bone  imple 
ments. 

Dlscoidal  Stones  —  Both  per 
fect  and  broken  specimens  were 
frequently  met  with  in  the  refuse 
found  in  the  abandoned  storehouses. 
All  of  them  were  of  small  size,  the 
largest  not  exceeding  four  inches 

in  diameter,   and  the  smallest  less  FIG-  so  — Typical  discoidai  stones 
than  one  inch  in  diameter.     Three 
types   were   found,   the   bi-concave, 
perforated  at  the  center  with  a  circular  hole,  the  bi-concave  un- 
perforated,  and  discs  with  perfectly  flat  sides.     The  bi-concave 


fuond    in    the    village     (two-thirds 
size). 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        49 


with  perforation,  is  the  most  abundant,  and  is  made  for  the  most 
part  of  diorite,  and  highly  polished.  The  perforations  are  usually 
circular,  but  the  finest  specimen  found  in  the  village  and  made 
of  quartzite  had  an  oblong  perforation.  The  specimen  is  shown 
in  No.  2  of  Fig.  30.  Other  specimens  of  this  type  were  moulded 
out  of  tempered  clay,  the  same  as  used  in  making  pottery,  but 
apparently  were  too  fragile  to  be  of  great  use,  as  all  were 
broken.  The  second  type,  bi-concave  unperforated,  were  larger 
than  those  that  were  perforated,  but  in  every  other  respect 
similar.  The  third  type  or  flat  disc,  which  is  also  shown  in  Fig. 
30,  is  of  two  kinds,  plain  and  decorated.  The  plain  are  usually 
made  of  finegrained  sandstone  or  pieces  of  pottery  cut  into  form, 

while  the  decorated  speci 
mens  are  invariably  made  of 
finegrained  sandstone.  The 
decorations  consist  of  lines 
cut  into  the  stones  and  radi 
ating  from  the  center  of  the 
disc;  some  of  the  lines  ex 
tend  to  the  edge  while  others 
only  part  way.  Several  lines 
usually  encircle  the  flat  face. 
The  decoration  usually  oc 
curs  on  both  sides.  This 
type  is  also  shown  in  No.  3 
of  Fig.  30. 

Hoes  —  The  hoes  found 
in  the  village  were  made,  for 
the  most  part,  of  shells  of 
the  fresh  water  unios,  but 
hoes  made  from  the  Waverly  black  slate  were  frequently  met 
with.  The  hoes  made  from  slate  were  roughly  cut  from  slabs 
of  about  the  desired  size,  but  hoes  made  from  mussel  shells 
were  very  abundant.  A  typical  specimen  is  shown  in  Fig.  31. 
The  shells  selected  were  usually  those  of  Unio  plicatus,  which 
are  of  good  size,  and  the  shell  meets  the  requirements  of  being 
thick  and  heavy.  The  majority  of  the  specimens  are  greatly 
worn,  showing  that  they  had  served  their  purpose.  The  imple- 
4 


FIG.  31 


Typical  shell  hoe,   found  in  great 
numbers  in  the  refuse  pits   (half  size). 


50        Explorations  of  the  Bauui  Prehistoric  1'illage  Site. 

ment,  when  useless,  was  thrown  into  the  refuse  pits  or  left  on 
the  surface  within  the  tepee,  to  he  covered  with  soil  the  same  as 
other  implements,  and  the  hones  of  various  animals. 

Bone  Implements  —  Bone  implements,  such  as  arrow  points, 
scrapers,  awls,  needles,  fish  hooks,  etc.,  were  very  abundant 
everywhere  in  the  village,  especially  in  the  abandoned  storehouses 
and  in  the  sites  of  their  habitats.  Here  were  also  found  speci 
mens  showing  all  the  stages  in  the  manufacture  of  any  one 
implement ;  bone  objects,  such  as  bones  that  gave  promise  of 
meeting  the  requirements  for  a  certain  implement,  but  after  work 
had  continued  to  a  certain  stage  were  found  defective.  Small 
caches  of  deer  tines,  probably  collected  during  a  hunting  expe 
dition,  were  found  hidden  for  future  use  in  some  part  of  the 
tepee  site.  Bones  of  about  all  the  animals  used  for  food  were 


used  in  the  making  of  implements  of  all  kinds,  and  very  rarely 
would  any  of  the  large  bones  of  such  animals  as  the  deer,  elk 
and  bear  be  found  in  a  perfect  state,  as  all  were  used  in  the  in 
dustrial  arts  of  these  early  inhabitants. 

For  a  long  time  it  was  thought  that  prehistoric  man  had 
only  stone  tips  or  points  for  his  arrows,  but  when  their  tumuli 
and  villages  were  examined  points  were  found  made  of  bone, 
and  during  the  examination  at  the  Baum  Village  the  bone  and 
stone  points  taken  from  the  pits  \vere  about  equally  divided  as 
to  numbers.  The  bone  points,  for  the  most  part,  were  made 
from  the  tines  of  deer  horns.  The  horns  were  found  in  num 
bers,  but  the  tines  were  always  removed.  Fig.  32  is  a  good 
example  of  the  horns  as  they  came  from  the  pits.  The  perfect 
and  well-wrought  arrow  points  made  from  horn  are  shown  in 
Fig-  33-  The  methods  of  manufacture  of  the  arrow  point  at 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        5l 


FIG.    32  —  Deer   horns   with   tines   removed. 

the  Baum  Village  are  identical  with  those  at  the  Gartner  Vil 
lage  Site,  and  I  quote  from  my  report  upon  this  village  site : 
"The  size  of  the  point  varies  greatly,  from  one-half  to  three 
inches  in  length,  and  is  made  by  taking  the  broken  tine  and  cut 
ting  a  crease  about  one- 
thirty-second  of  an  inch  in 
depth  entirely  around  the 
horn  at  the  desired  length 
and  then  breaking  off  the 
point.  This  is  shown  in 
Fig.  34  (&).  The  first  step 
after  procuring  the  end  of 
the  tine  was  to  drill  a  hole 
for  the  attachment  of  the 
wooden  arrow  shaft.  No 
work  in  fashioning  the 
point  seems  to  have  been 
done  until  after  this  drill 
ing  was  completed.  The 

rIG.  33  —  Arrow   points  made   from   the   tines 

of  deer  horns   (two-thirds  size).  hole    IOF    the    attachment    of 


52        Explorations  of  the  Bourn  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


the  shaft  varied  in  depth  from  one-half  to  two-thirds  the  length 
of  the  point,  see  Fig.  34   (c),  and  always   pyramidal  in  form, 
with  a  base  diameter  averaging  about  one-third  of  an  inch.     The 
majority  of  the  unfinished  specimens   show  that  the 
fashioning  into  form  was  done  by  cutting  away  the 
superfluous  horn  with  a  heavy  piece  of  flint,  as  shown 
in   Fig.   34    (d).     Some  writers  have  expressed  the 
opinion  that  this  cutting  was  done  with  a 
steel  knife,  but  a  careful  examination  by 
means  of  a  good  hand  glass  will  reveal 
the  concave  appearance  of  the  cuts  and  the 
small  scratches  caused  by  the  uneven  frac 
ture  of  the  flint.    The  final  finish 
upon  the  arrow  point  was  done 
by  rubbing  the  arrow  point  upon 
a  piece  of  fine-grained  sandstone, 
thus  removing  all  traces  of  cut 
ting,  as  is  shown  in 
Fig.    34    O),   which 
shows  a  symmetrical 
and      well-wrought 
point." 

The  majority  of  the 
bone  arrowheads  were 
attached  to  the  shaft  by 
having  the  shaft  fitted 
to  the  hole  drilled  in 
the  base  of  the  point, 
but  a  number  of  points 
were  found  having  sec 
ondary  holes  drilled 
into  the  side  of  the 
point,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
35.  All  the  points  thus 
drilled  were  finely 
made,  perhaps  to  serve  as  harpoons,  by  being  attached  to  the 
shaft  with  a  cord.  Another  short  and  small  point  made  from 
the  tone  bones  of  the  deer  was  also  found.  A  good  illustration 


FIG.  34  —  Arrow  point  making,  as  illustrated  by  spec 
imens  taken  from  the  Gartner  Village:  (a)  Tine 
from  deer  horn,  (b)  Cutting  of  tine,  (c)  Depth 
of  hole  drilled,  (d)  Cutting  away  of  superfluous 
horn,  (e)  perfect  point  (two-thirds  size). 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        53 


FlG.  35  —  Arrow  points  made 
of  deer  horn  with  a  perfor 
ation  for  attachment  to  the 
shaft  (two-thirds  size). 


of  this  point  and  the  stages  in  its  manufacture  is  shown  in  Fig. 
36.  The  first  specimen  to  the  right  is  a  deer  toe  with  a  hole 
drilled  in  the  base  for  the  attachment  of  the  shaft.  The  drilling 

of  the  hole  for  the  attachment  to  the 
shaft  was  likewise  the  first  step  in  mak 
ing  the  arrowpoint  from  the  tines  of 
the  deer  horn,  as  illustrated  in  Fig. 
34.  The  cutting  away  of  the  super 
fluous  bone  of  the  deer  toe  was  accom 
plished  in  the  same  manner  as  shown 
in  the  cutting  of  the  deer  horn. 

Bone  Scrapers — Of  all  the  bone 
implements  found  in  the  village,  the 
bone  scraper,  made  from  the  metapodal 
bones  of  the  deer  and  elk,  is  the  largest 
bone  specimen  found,  and  varies  in 
length  from  eight  to  fourteen  inches. 
Fig  37  shows  a  representative  collec 
tion  of  the  perfect  scrapers.  During  the  explorations  fifty  per 
fect  specimens  were  removed  from  the  refuse  pits,  together  with 
several  hundred  broken  halves,  showing  that  this  implement  was 
universally  used  in  every  section  of  the  village  examined.  No 
record  was  made  of  finding  a  single  perfect  scraper  in  a  tepee 
site,  but  frequently  the  broken  pieces  were  found  within  the 
habitat ;  but  for  the  most  part  the  broken  and  the  practically 
worn-out  perfect  scrapers  were  thrown  into  the  refuse  pits.  The 
scrapers  were  invariably  made 
from  the  metapodal  bones,  and 
very  frequently  the  specimens 
were  found  showing  that  the  foot 
of  the  animal  was  attached  to  the 
implement  when  it  was  discarded. 

C  t,         •  j.u  •       FlG.   36  —  Arrow   points  made   from   the 

Specimens  showing  the  stages  in       toe  bone  of  ^  deer  (half  size) 
the  manufacture  of  the  implement 

were  occasionally  met  with.  Fig.  38  shows  three  specimens.  The 
first  specimen  to  the  left  is  a  perfect  metapodal  bone,  only  two 
being  found  during  the  entire  exploration.  This  bone  was  sel 
dom  found  except  in  a  condition  showing  that  it  had  served  as 


54 


Explorations  of  the  Bourn  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


some  implement.  The  specimen  in  the  center  of  Fig.  38  shows 
a  process  in  the  manufacture  of  this  implement.  In  this  case 
the  work  had  not  advanced  very  far,  but  it  shows  plainly  the 
small  parallel  grooves  which  were  no  doubt  made  by  a  blunt- 


t 


FIG.    37  —  Perfect   scrapers,    made    from   the   metapodal    bones    of   the   deer. 
(Average  length  of  scrapers,  ten  inches). 

pointed  flint  implement.  The  specimen  to  the  right  in  Fig.  38 
is  a  perfect  scraper,  worn  to  a  very  thin  edge  from  use.  The 
surface  of  the  bone  at  the  ends  shows  a  high  polish.  Scrapers 
were  also  made  from  the  shoulder  blades  of  the  deer  and  elk, 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        55 


M- 


FIG.    38  —  Specimens    showing    stages    in    the    manufacture    of 
the   scraper.      (Average   length   of   scrapers,   ten   inches.) 


56        Explorations  of  the  Baiun  Prehistoric  1'iUage  Site. 

especially  of  the  elk.  The  spine  was  frequently  removed  and 
the  supra  scapular  border  would  be  sharpened  into  a  cutting 
edge,  and  frequently  specimens  were  met  with  in  which  the 
spine  was  sharpened  to  form  a  cutting  edge  and  the  posterior 
and  anterior  border  and  the  post  scapular  and  prescapular  por 
tions  were  removed.  The  shoulder  blade  of  the  elk  was  always 
converted  into  this  most  useful  implement,  for  not  a  single  spec 
imen  was  found  that  did  not  show  this  use.  The  shoulder  blades 
of  the  deer  were  not  always  converted  into  implements,  but  very 
frequently  they  were  met  with ;  occasionally  from  a  single  pit 
a  half  dozen  or  more  would  be  taken,  not  a  single  one  showing 
any  marks  upon  it  indicating  it  had  been  used  for  any  purpose, 
while  in  other  pits  the  same  number  might  be  taken  and  all  show 
use  as  a  scraper. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  implements  found  in  the 
village  is  the  celt-like  scrapers  made  from  the  heavy  portions 
between  the  beztine  and  the  trestine  of  the  elk  antler.  From 
the  standpoint  of  utility,  this  implement  used  as  a  scraper  would 
meet  the  needs  to  a  better  advantage  than  any  of  those  just  de 
scribed  ;  however,  when  the  labor  necessary  to  produce  speci 
mens  as  shown  in  Fig.  39  is  taken  into  consideration,  we  do  not 
wonder  at  the  abundance  of  the  simpler  forms.  The  cutting  of 
such  a  large  and  thick  horn  into  the  proper  lengths,  which  was 
done  by  burning  a  ring  around  the  horn  at  the  point  to  be  cut 
off,  to  a  depth  of  perhaps  one-fourth  of  an  inch,  and  then  break 
ing  the  piece  off,  required  much  patience  as  well  as  skill.  After 
the  proper  length  had  been  obtained,  in  order  to  secure  the  large, 
flat  pieces  of  the  horn  the  desired  size,  they  were  cut  off  with 
a  piece  of  flint,  chipped  to  the  proper  edge  and  used  to  plow  a 
groove  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  depth  lengthwise  of  the  horn. 
A  second  groove  was  made  at  the  proper  place  and  the  slab  of 
horn  split  off.  The  work  of  grinding  and  polishing  would  take 
place  later,  but  all  requiring  an  unusual  amount  of  labor,  per 
haps  more  than  any  implement  made  of  bone  found  in  the  vil 
lage.  Three  types  of  these  scrapers  are  found  in  the  village: 
those  having  both  ends  made  into  a  cutting  edge,  those  having 
one  end  made  into  a  cutting  edge  with  one  end  sharpened,  and 
those  having  notches  cut  on  the  side  for  attachment  to  a  handle. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        57 

All  three  types  were  about  equally  represented,  although  only 
a  small  number  were  found  (fifteen  specimens).  The  average 
length  of  the  horn  scrapers  would  not  exceed  four  inches,  though 
one  was  found  eight  and  one-half  inches  long.  The  lower  spec 
imen  in  Fig.  39  is  a  scraper  having  two  ends  sharpened  to  a  cut 
ting  edge ;  it  is  four  and  three-quarter  inches  long  and  two  inches 
wide,  while  the  upper  specimen  is  of  the  notched  type. 

Bone  Awls  —  Bone  awls  may  be  considered  the  most  abun 
dant  of  the  many  bone  implements  found  in  the  Baum  Village, 


FIG.    39 — Celt-like    scrapers  made   of   elk   horn    (two-thirds  size). 

and  the  bones  of  about  all  the  animals  and  birds  used  for  food 
were  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  various  types  of  awls. 
Many  of  them  were  manufactured  from  the  heavy  leg  bones  of 
the  elk.  Very  good  examples  are  shown  in  Fig.  40.  These 
awls  show  a  great  amount  of  patience  and  labor  in  working 
down  this  thick  bone,  as  shown  by  the  enlarged  portions,  while 
others  made  from  the  same  kind  of  bone  are  worked  down  to 
three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  eight  inches  in  length, 
with  a  well-wrought  head  sometimes  carved  representing  the 


58 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  J'illage  Site. 


head  of  some  animal.  Awls  showing  much 
labor  and  skill  in  their  manufacture  were 
found  in  every  section  of  the  village  as 
sociated  with  others  that  required  but  little 
labor  to  furnish  a  very  serviceable  imple 
ment. 

The  awls  found  at  Baum  Village  may 
be  considered  under  three  classes:  First, 
awls  with  blunt  points,  such  as  shown  in 
Fig.  41  and  Fig.  42.  These  awls  for  the 
most  part  came  from  the  burials  and  were 
found  associated  with  bones  of  animals 
placed  in  the  grave  as  a  food  offering,  and 
several  were  found  in  the  pottery  placed 
with  the  dead.  Awls  shown  in  Fig.  43 
and  Fig.  44  would  always  be  found  with 
mussel  shells  and  animal  bones  where 
any  quantity  was  placed  together.  Sum 
ming  up  all  the  points  observed  concerning 
the  blunt-pointed  awls,  one  must  believe 
that  they  served  as  forks  in  the  prepara 
tion  of  food,  and  in  conveying  food  to  the 
mouth,  such  as  meat,  mussels,  and  vege 
tables.  Many  of  the  large  and  heavy  awls 
may  have  been  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
cloth  and  pottery.  The  second  class  of 
awls  may  be  considered  as  bone  perfora 
tors,  all  having  sharp  and  long  points.  The 
best  examples  of  this  class  are  shown  in 
Fig-  45.  and  are  made  from  the  tarsome- 
tatarsus  of  the  wild  turkey.  This  class  are 
very  abundant.  Out  of  two  hundred  and 
thirty-four  pits  examined  there  were  very 
few  that  did  not  produce  a  perfect  or  broken 
awl  of  this  class.  Many  awls  of  this  class 
were  made  from  the  fibula  and  other  bones  F 
of  the  raccoon.  Fig.  46  shows  an  awl  made 
from  the  lower  jaw  of  the  deer.  With  ' 


IO.   40— 

Ien8th  e 


Large 

>gh*  a 


bone  awls, 

d  one-half 


Explorations  of  the  Banui  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        59 


FlQ.   41  —  Typical   bone   awls   with   blunt   points    (five-eighths   size). 


60 


Explorations  of  the  Baiun  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site. 


many  of  the  burials  in  the  village  this  class  of  awls  are  found. 
Fig.  47  shows  five  large  awls  of  this  class,  four  around  the  head 
and  one  between  the  legs  near  the  feet.  Beneath  the  mussel  shells 
at  the  back  of  the  head  a  large,  well-wrought  awl  of  the  first 
class  was  found.  The  third  class  of  awls  are  the  double-pointed, 
sometimes  called  pins.  They  range  in  size  from  one  inch  in 
length  for  the  very  small  ^ 

awls  to  six  inches  in  length 
for  the  1  a  r  g  es  t.  Fig.  48 
gives  a  good  illustration  of 
the  d  o  u  b  1  e-pointed  awls. 
This  class  is  the  most  abun- 
dant  in  the  village,  especially 
in  the  refuse  pits.  They  are 
also  frequently  met  with  in 
the  graves,  and  are  always 
near  the  head.  But  little 
work  is  required  in  the  man 
ufacture  of  the  small  pins, 
as  they  are  quite  frequently 
made  of  splinters  of  bone 
having  the  desired  size  and 
shape,  and  require  but  little 
rubbing  to  remove  the  sharp 
edges  and  fit  them  for  a  ser 
viceable  implement.  H  o  w- 
ever,  the  large  specimens 
have  equally  as  much  work 
upon  them  as  the  awls  of  the 
first  class. 

Needles  —  Perfect 
needles  are  not  found  in 
abundance  in  the  village,  although  the  broken  pieces  are  fre 
quently  met  with.  The  needle  is  made  for  the  most  part  from 
the  rib  of  the  elk,  which  is  cut  off  at  the  desired  length,  and 
then  the  rib  is  split  and  both  pieces  are  manufactured  into 
needles.  The  pieces  are  worked  down  to  a  little  less  than  one- 
sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  thickness  and  the  average  length  being 


FlG.    42  —  Blunt-pointed    awls    found    with 
burials    (two-thirds   size). 


Explorations  of  the  Bauni  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        61 


about  six  inches.  They 
frequently  curve 
throughout  their  entire 
length,  while  o  t  h  e  r  s 
curve  more  near  the 
point.  The  needle  from 
this  village  is  uniform 
throughout  with  the  ex 
ception  of  a  slightly  en 
larged  head,  which  is 
pierced  with  a  circular 
eye,  the  point  being  not 
sharp  or  pointed,  but  an 
oval.  Fig.  49  is  an  il 
lustration  of  the  needle, 
but  does  not  do  justice 
to  this  well-wrought  and 
highly-polished  i  m  p  1  e- 
ment. 

Bone  Knives  — 


FlG.  44  — •  Bone  awls  made  of 
the  shoulder  blades  of  the 
deer  (half  size). 


FIG.    43  • —  Bone   awls    made    from   the    ulna   and 
metapodal  bone  of  the  deer  (five-eighths  size). 

Another  useful  implement  found  at  the 
Baum  Site  is  the  knife  made  from 
points  of  the  shoulder  blade  of  both 
the  deer  and  elk,  and  not  infrequently 
the  bones  of  other  animals  whose  bones 
would  in  any  way  be  suitable  for  such 
an  implement.  The  bone  knife  could 
not  take  the  place  of  the  flaked  flint 
knife  with  its  sharp  cutting  edge. 


Explorations  of  the  Ban  in  Prehistoric  I'illagc  Site. 


V 


Bone  Tubes  —  A  number 
of  bone  tubes,  made  from  A 
various  bones  of  animals  and  I 
birds  were  frequently  met  * 
with.  Fig.  50  shows  two 
examples  of  tubes.  The 
specimen  to  the  left  is  made 
from  the  femur  of  the  moun 
tain  lion.  The  distal  ex 
tremity  has  been  cut  away 
and  the  inside  of  the  bone 
removed.  The  outside  part 
of  the  shaft  has  been  cut  and 
polished.  The  head  of  the 
femur  has  also  been  cut 
away  and  the  large  trocantor 
slightly  polished.  The  spec 
imen  to  the  right  in  Fig.  50 
is  made  from  the  numerous 
of  the  Trumpeter  Swan.  |.IO 
The  two  extremities  of  the 
shaft  are  cut  away  and  the 
shaft  shows  cutting  and  polishing  in  various  places  over  its  sur 
face.  Tubes  are  also  made  from  the  femurs  of  the  deer  and  the 
tibiotarsus  of  the  wild  turkey. 

Implements  Made  of  Beaver  Teeth  —  The  bones  of  the  beaver 
were  seldom  used  to  make  implements  or  ornaments,  but  the 
incisor  teeth,  both  upper  and  lower,  were  used  in  making  im 
plements.  The  three  lower  specimens  shown  in  Fig.  51  have 


•lf> — -Hone   awls    with    sharp    points,    made 
from   the   tarsometatarsus   of  the   wild 
turkey    (half   size). 


I'IG.  46  —  Awl  made  from  a  part  of  the  lower  mandible  of  the   deer   (full  size). 


63 


64        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

been  shaped  into  desired  implements  which  may  have  been  ser 
viceable  as  chisels  in  cutting  bone  and  wood.  The  three  upper 
specimens  were  no  doubt  used  as  ornaments  when  their  useful 
ness  as  implements  were  destroyed,  as  a  number  of  beaver  teeth 


FIG.   48 — -Double-pointed  bone  awls    (half  size). 


like  the  above  were  found  associated  with  beads  and  pendants 
in  one  of  the  burials. 

Spear  Points  Made  of  Horn  —  Spear  points  made  of  horn, 
as  shown  in  Fig.   52,  were  sparingly  met  with.     They  vary   in 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


65 


n 


length  from  two  and  one-half  to  four  inches,  and  the  imple 
ment  shows  but  a  small  amount  of  labor  in  its  manufacture.  All 
are  roughly  and  unsystematically  made  from  flat  pieces  of  deer 
and  elk  horn. 

Implements   Used  in  Flaking 

Knives  —  The  .specimens    shown   in 

Fig.  53  were  no  doubt  used  in  flak 

ing  the  large  flint  knives  so  common 

in    the    village.      The    flaking    tools 

were  always  made  of  deer  and  elk 

0-  horn,    and    varied    in 

length  from  one  and 

one-half   inches  to   four 

«      inches,  and   in   diameter 

g      from  one-half  inch  to 

-a      three-fourths  inch.     One 

.£?     end  is  square,  while  the 

%      other    end    is    oval,    the 
longest  point  being  in 

g      the  middle  of  the  speci- 

.*     men.      The    square    end 

£      on  almost  all  the  speci- 

g      mens  shows  a  splintered 

u-     and  battered  condition, 

|      indicating  that  the  im 

plement  had  been  struck 

7j      f 

•5,  with  a  heavy  blow.    The 

H  oval  end  also  frequently 

«  shows  a  splintered  con- 

3-  dition,  caused  by  im- 

£  properly  placing  the  tool 

against   the   flint,    and 

,    -i  •  .1         11  rr->, 

Striking   the    blow.      The 

flaking    tools     are     found 

everywhere    in    the    vil 
lage,  especially  in  the  sites  of  the  tepees  and  in  the  graves. 

Fish  Hooks  —  This  implement  is  one  of  the  most  interest 
ing  of  the  great  variety  of  bone  implements  found  in  the  village, 

5 


5°  —  Bone  tubes,  specimen  to 
the  left  made  from  the  femur  of 
^Mountain  Lion,  one  to  the 
right  humerus  of  the  Trumpeter 


66 


Explorations  of  the  Baiun  Prehistoric  tillage  Site. 


FIG.    51  —  Cutting  tools    made    of   beaver       FIG.   52  —  Spear   point   made    of   horn 
teeth   (two-thirds  size).  (half  size). 

because  of  the  great  care 
and  patience  necessary 
in  the  manufacture  and 
because  the  finished  hook 
in  many  ways  is  the  ex 
act  counterpart  of  our 
modern  hook,  devoid  of 
the  barb.  See  Fig.  54. 
Baum  Village,  in  com 
parison  with  other  vil 
lages  in  Ohio,  is  very 
rich  in  fishhooks,  broken 
and  perfect  hooks  being 
found  in  every  section, 
some  large,  being  over 
two  and  one-half  inches 
in  length,  while  some 
were  quite  small,  not  ex- 
c  e  e  d  i  n  g  one  inch  in 
length.  Beside  the  per 
fect  hooks,  every  stage 

in      the     manufacture      Of     FIG.,  53- Flaking    tools^mg    of    elk    horn    (two 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        6^ 

the  hook  was  also  found.  This  is  valuable  because  of  the  com 
parisons  that  can  be  made  with  those  found  in  other  places  in 
Ohio.  Referring  to  Fig.  55,  we  find  No.  i  representing  three 
perfect  specimens  of  fish-hooks  made  from  the  tibiotarsus  of 
the  Wild  Turkey,  and  many  of  the  unfinished  specimens  show 
that  this  bone  was  used.  All  three  hooks  have  been  carefully 
made  and  two  are  highly  polished,  and  all  have  straight  and 
rounded  shanks.  Two  of  the  hooks  have  grooves  cut  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  shank,  and  the  third  has  the  shank  enlarged  at  the 
upper  end.  All  of  the  hooks  have  sharp  points,  and  owing  to 
the  curvature  of  the  bone,  which  shows  the  marrow  cavity,  the 


FIG.    54 — -Typical    fish-hooks    found   in    the    village    (full   size). 

points  are  not  in  the  same  plane  as  the  shank.  No.  I  was  taken 
from  a  refuse  heap  and  Nos.  2  and  3  from  the  refuse  pits.  No. 
2  of  Fig.  55  shows  three  specimens  made  of  bone  entirely  dif 
ferent  from  that  in  No.  I.  On  one  side  of  the  hook  the  spongy 
character  of  the  rib  bone  has  not  been  entirely  cut  away,  as 
shown  plainly  in  No.  3,  and  the  bone  from  which  all  three  are 
made  is  presumably  the  rib  of  the  deer.  No.  I  has  a  very 
long  shank  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  hook.  The  upper 
part  of  the  shank  has  a  crease  cut  entirely  around  for  attach 
ment.  No.  2  is  the  smallest  hook  found  in  the  village.  No.  3 
is  quite  a  large  hook  and  well  wrought,  but  shows  the  cellular 
structure  of  the  bone  from  which  it  was  made.  No.  3  of  Fig.  55 


68        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        69 

shows  three  hooks.  Nos.  i  and  2  represent  masterpieces  in  the 
art  of  fish-hook  making.  No.  I  has  a  perfectly  fresh  appear 
ance,  is  of  fine  workmanship  and  well  polished.  The  shank 
is  flat  with  well-rounded  edges  and  a  perfectly  cut  groove  for 
the  attachment  of  the  line.  The  curve  of  the  hook  is  symmetrical 
and  the  point  is  very  sharp.  No.  2  is  another  well-wrought 
specimen  and  perhaps  excels  in  general  workmanship  any  of  the 
hooks  found  in  the  village.  It  has  a  round  shank  and  a  well- 
cut  groove  in  the  upper  end ;  the  point  of  the  hook  is  sharp  and 
nicely  polished.  No.  3  is  quite  a  large  hook  with  a  slim,  round 
shank,  enlarged  at  the  upper  end.  The  point  of  this  hook  is 
not  in  the  same  plane  with  the  shank,  owing  to  the  curvature 
of  the  bone.  No.  4  of  Fig.  55  shows  three  finely-wrought  hooks. 
No.  i  has  a  round  shank  with  an  enlarged  end  and  the  point, 
which  is  gracefully  curved  and  finely  polished,  does  not  extend 
parallel  to  the  shank,  as  in  the  majority  of  hooks  found  in  the 
village.  No.  2  is  similar  to  No.  i  in  general  outline,  differing 
only  in  being  made  stronger.  No.  3  has  a  very  slender  shank 
with  an  enlarged  top,  and  differs  from  i  and  2  in  having  the 
point  parallel  with  the  shank.  All  three  hooks  were  found  in 
the  refuse  pits.  Beside  the  masterpieces  in  the  art  of  fish-hook 
making  found  in  the  village,  specimens  showing  the  various  stages 
in  the  manufacture  of  the  implement  were  found,  and  it  seems 
that  the  ancient  artificer  had  in  mind  a  well  defined  plan  and 
proceeded  to  work  it  out  in  bone  to  the  best  advantage.  No. 
5  of  Fig.  55  shows  two  specimens  illustrating  certain  stages  in 
the  making  of  the  fish-hook.  No.  i  shows  a  shank  almost  com 
plete  with  an  enlarged  top,  but  the  base  and  point  show  but 
little  work.  In  No.  2  the  base  has  been  practically  finished 
and  the  cutting  away  of  the  bone  forming  the  shank  and  point 
begun.  No.  6  of  Fig.  55  shows  two  specimens  representing  the 
very  early  stages  in  the  manufacture.  The  two  bones  are  cut 
the  desired  length  and  made  ready  to  remove  the  center.  When 
this  is  done  the  bone  will  have  the  appearance  of  one  in  No.  7 
of  Fig.  55  and  is  ready  to  be  cut  into  two  parts  and  made  into 
hooks.  This  could  be  done  by  cutting  one  side  for  the  point 
which  would  be  nearer  one  end,  and  then  cutting  the  other  side 
in  a  similar  manner,  thus  producing  two  hooks  instead  of  one. 


70        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

No.  2  also  shows  that  the  maker  had  in  view  the  same  object 
as  shown  in  No.  I,  but  had  not  so  nearly  completed  the  work. 

Throughout  the  village  various  portions  of  fish-hooks  were 
found,  such  as  points,  bases  and  shanks,  and  in  No.  8  of  Fig.  55 
a  number  of  these  pieces  are  shown.  Fully  ninety-five  per  cent, 
of  the  hooks  are  broken  at  the  curve  between  the  point  and  the 
shank. 

Fish-hooks  found  at  the  Gartner  Village  site*  were  similar 
in  every  respect  to  those  found  at  the  Baum  Village,  even  to 
the  details  of  their  manufacture,  while  at  Madisonville,  Prof. 
Putnam  found  that  the  aboroginal  fish-hook  makers  proceeded  to 
make  their  hooks  in  a  very  different  manner  —  by  first  boring  a 
hole  through  the  bone,  and  the  hole  was  the  beginning  of  the 
inside  of  the  curve  of  the  hook.  The  point  and  shank  were 
worked  out  from  this  hole.  Prof.  Putnam  has  described  the 
stages  of  fish-hook  manufacture  at  Madisonville  in  an  article 
on  "The  Way  Fish-hooks  Were  Made  in  the  Little  Miami  Val 
ley,"  which  appears  in  the  Twentieth  Annual  Report  of  the  Trus 
tees  of  the  Peabody  Museum.  In  no  instance  have  I  found  at 
the  Baum  Village  Site  any  bone  intended  to  be  fashioned  into 
a  fish-hook  that  had  been  perforated  by  drilling.  In  the  article 
referred  to,  Prof.  Putnam  also  describes  two  perfect  fish-hooks 
and  one  in  the  process  of  manufacture,  which  were  taken  from 
an  ancient  burial  place  along  the  Little  Miami  River  by  Dr. 
Metz,  which  differ  from  those  found  in  the  ash  pits  at  Madison 
ville,  but  agree  in  every  respect  with  those  from  the  Baum  Vil 
lage  Site. 

Shell  Spoons  —  Spoons  made  of  the  mussel  shells  are  fre 
quently  found  in  the  refuse  pits,  but  the  graves  furnish  three- 
fourths  of  all  found  in  the  village.  Very  often  a  large  amount 
of  work  in  shaping  the  shell  to  the  proper  proportions  is  re 
quired,  while  in  others  very  little  work  is  needed.  Fig.  56  is  a 
good  illustration  of  the  average  spoon. 

Spoons  —  Spoons  made  from  the  carapace  of  the  common  box 
turtle  —  Terrapene  Carolina  —  are  found  in  all  sections  of  the 
village.  Fig.  57  is  a  very  good  illustration  of  the  turtle-shell 


*  Fishhooks   described   Vol.  XIII,  Gartner  Md.  &  Village  Site,  Pub. 
pf  the  O.  S.  A.  $  H.  Society. 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        71 


spoon,  though  many  of  them  have  but  little  work  upon  them, 
but  where  they  were  in  constant  use  the  carapace  was  cut  and 
trimmed  entirely  around  the  edges.  They  were  also  found  in 
the  graves,  but  the  majority  of  the  tnrtJe-sheH  spoons  found  in 
the  refuse  pits  were  broken. 

Woven  Fabrics  —  Evidences  of  woven  fabrics  were  found  in 
the  refuse  pits  where  the  cloth  had  been  charred.  Associated  with 
the  cloth  was  corn,  beans  and  nuts  of  various  kinds,  and  perhaps 
the  woven  fabric  at  one  time  served  as  a  container  for  the  care  of 
the  agricultural  products  until  needed  for  use.  The  bags  may  have 
been  used  for  carrying  and  collecting  stores  of  various  kinds.  Xo 

fabrics  were  found  in  the  graves, 
as  all  the  dead  were  buried  in 
the    usual    way    of   placing   die 
body  at  full  length  in  the  grave, 
and  no  fire  was  used  in  connec 
tion   with   the  burial   ceremony. 
\      Consequently,  if  a  woven  fabric 
\     was  used  for  clothing,  and  this 
1    clothing  placed  with  the  dead, 
t   not  a  single  thread  or  imprint 
I  of  the  cloth  remained. 

Ornaments  —  In  the  begin- 
f  ning  of  our  study  of  the  primi 
tive  ornaments  secured  at  the 
j  Baum  Village  site,  both  in  the 
burials  and  those  found  scattered 
in  the  tepee  sites  and  the  refuse 
pits,  I  at  once  saw  the  similarity 
t  of  the  primitive  forms  to  those 
of  civilized  forms.  Our  pen 
dants,  necklaces,  bracelets  and  mounted  pearls — all  these  forms 
were  found  in  abundance  in  the  village,  and  the  difference  lies 
not  so  much  in  the  form  as  in  the  material  and  the  workman 
ship.  However,  a  primitive  pearl  necklace  taken  from  one  of 
the  graves  would  differ  but  littk  from  a  modern  pearl  neck 
lace,  and  that  only  in  the  matter  of  selection  of  the  pearls.  The 
drilling,  the  manner  of  mounting  and  the  wearing  were  identical 


. 


72        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 


( 

7 


with  those  of  to-day.  At  the  Gartner  Mound*  a  gorget  was 
found  with  a  hole  cut  in  the  center  and  a  pearl  cut  and  mounted 
to  properly  fill  it. 

The  ornaments  for  the  most  part  were  made  of  shell,  bone 
and  stone,  and  were  abundant  in  the  refuse  pits  and  burials. 
Out  of  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  burials  unearthed  in 
the  village,  only  nine  were  devoid  of  ornaments  of  some  kind. 

The  ornaments  made 
of  shell  were  of  two 
kinds :  those  made 
from  the  fresh  water 
mussel,  so  abundant 
in  the  streams,  and 
those  made  from  ocean 
shells,  perhaps  secured 
by  barter.  The  fresh 
water  mussel,  on  ac- 
count  of  the  size, 
would  only  furnish  the 
smaller  gorgets  and 
beads,  such  as  are 
shown  in  Fig.  58,  while 
the  large  shell  gorgets, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  59, 
were  made  from  the 
body  whorl  of  an  ocean 
shell.  The  gorgets 
shown  in  Fig.  58  are 
of  three  kinds :  those 
perforated  with  one 
hole,  which  is  placed 

at  the  center  of  the  disk  and  range  in  diameter  from  one-half  inch 
to  one  inch,  the  small  size  being  more  abundant ;  those  perfor 
ated  with  two  holes,  which  are  placed  near  the  edge  of  the  gor 
get  and  about  one-fourth  inch  apart ;  and  those  perforated  with 
three  holes,  one  at  the  center,  which  is  usually  the  largest  of  the 

*  Exploration  of  the  Gartner  Mound  and  village  site,  pub.  of  the 
Ohio  State  Arph.  &  Hist.  Society,  vol,  XIII. 


—  Spoon   made  of  the   carapace  of  the  common 
land  turtle    (half  size). 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        78 


three,  and  two  near  the  edge  about  one-fourth  inch  apart.  The 
central  hole  is  usually  quite  large  in  proportion  to  the  holes 
near  the  edge,  and  no  doubt  was  set  with  pearls  and  other  ob 
jects.  The  large  shell  gorget,  as  shown  in  Fig.  59,  was  found 
in  the  grave  of  a  child  about  ten  years  of  age,  and  is  the  only 
large  gorget  found  during  the  entire  explorations  in  the  village. 
Shell  Pendants  —  Pendants  made  of  shell,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
60,  were  found  in  every  section  of  the  village,  especially  in  the 
burials.  For  the  most  part  they  were  made  of  ocean  shells,  oc- 


FIG.    58  —  Typical    shell    gorgets    (full    size). 

casionally  one  being  found  made  of  mussel  shell.  Those  made 
of  ocean  shells  were  usually  an  irregular  strip  of  shell,  unevenly 
polished,  and  pierced  at  one  end  for  attachment,  and  varied  in 
length  from  two  inches  to  three  and  one-half  inches. 

Shell  Beads  —  Beads  made  of  shell  were  for  the  most  part 
made  of  ocean  shells,  and  were  of  two  kinds,  those  made  from 
the  large  body  whorls  of  Fulgur  perversum,  never  exceeding  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  highly  polished  and  perforated 
with  a  hole  at  the  center  and  representing  a  high  degree  of  skill 


74        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

in  their  manufacture.  The  other  kind  was  made  from  a  small 
ocean  shell,  Oliva  literata,  which  was  slightly  altered  by  cutting 
away  the  apex  and  producing  a  passage  for  a  string,  which  may 
be  introduced  through  the  natural  aperature.  Another  small  ocean 
shell,  Marginilla  conoidalis,  was  frequently  met  with,  and  they 
were  cut  and  ground  in  the  same  way  as  the  Oliva. 

Pearl  Beads  —  Beads  made  from  the  fresh  water  pearls  are 
frequently  met  with  in  the  graves.  The  pearls  are  all  small, 
usually  irregular  in  shape,  and  have  no  doubt  lost  much  in  size 
by  exfoliation,  as  the  thin  decayed  lamellae  drops  off  in  concen 
tric  scales,  showing  beneath  the  iridescent  nacre.  The  pearls 


o-       u 


FIG.  59  —  Shell  gorget  made  of  ocean  shell  (two-thirds  size). 


.  -- 

?IG.  GO  —  Pendants 
made  of  ocean  shell 
(two-thirds  size). 


were*  no  doubt  secured  from  the  fresh  water  mussels  found  so 
abundantly  in  the  river. 

Bone  Beads  —  Beads  made  of  bone  were  present  in  almost 
all  the  graves  where  ornaments  were  placed,  and  they  were  also 
abundant  in  the  tepee  sites  and  refuse  pits.  Fig.  61  shows  a 
necklace  of  bone  beads  made  from  the  femurs  of  small  animals, 
and  the  wing  bones  of  birds.  This  necklace  was  found  in  the 
grave  of  an  adolescent.  Bone  beads  were  made  in  two  ways,  by 
cutting  a  crease  entirely  around  the  bone  with  a  flint  and  then 
breaking,  and  afterward  polishing  to  remove  the  rough  edges. 
Fully  75  per  cent,  of  the  beads  are  made  in  this  way.  Another 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  yillage  Site.        75 

way  of  making  beads  was  by  the  use  of  fire,  perhaps  resorted 
to  when  flint  was  not  at  hand,  and  was  accomplished  by  burning 
a  ring  around  the  bone  at  the  point  desired,  and  then  breaking 
and  afterward  grinding  off  the  rough  edges.  By  this  process 
a  part  of  the  charred  bone  remains  and  takes  a  high  polish, 
which  no  doubt  added  to  the  ornamental  value  of  the  beads.  The 
necklaces  found  at  the  Baum  Village  for  the  most  part  con 
sisted  of  a  strand  of  beads,  small  toward  the  ends  and  increas 
ing  in  size  toward  the  middle,  where  a  central  bead  of  unusual 
size  or  design  is  placed.  Sometimes  this  central  bead  takes  the 


FlG.    61  —  Beads    made    of    bone. 

form  of  a  pendant,  which  may  be  made  of  bone  as  shown  in 
Fig.  62,  or  a  perforated  canine  of  the  black  bear  or  a  large 
piece  of  polished  shell.  Further  indications  were  found  in  the 
graves  that  beads  were  also  used  to  ornament  their  hair,  and 
even  hung  as  pendants  from  the  hair.  Other  burials  show  that 
beads  were  used  as  bracelets  and  anklets. 

Pendants  Made  of  Teeth  —  Canine  teeth  of  the  bear,  wolf 
and  elk  were  invariably  used  for  pendants  in  necklaces,  and 
quite  often  formed  the  entire  necklace.  Fig.  63  is  the  canine 
tooth  of  the  Indian  dog,  perforated  at  the  base  for  attachment. 
Fig.  64  shows  three  canine  teeth  perforated  at  the  base  for  at- 


76        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

tachment.  The  two  teeth  to  the  left,  an  upper  and  lower  canine, 
are  those  of  the  black  bear ;  the  one  to  the  right  is  the  canine 
of  the  gray  wolf.  None  of  the  large  teeth  found  in  the  Vil 
lage  had  any  work  done  upon  them  other  than  a  hole  drilled 
through  the  base.  Fig.  65  shows  the  upper  carnassial  of  the 


FlG.  62  —  Pendants  made  of  bone   (half  size). 


FlG.  63  —  Perforated  canine 
tooth  of  the  Indian  dog 
(two-thirds  size). 


gray  wolf  which  was  invariably  used  for  pendants.  The  three 
roots  have  a  groove  cut  around  them  for  attachment.  No  other 
teeth  of  this  animal  were  used  separately  for  ornament,  but  por 
tions  of  the  lower  jaw  with  teeth  attached  were  used. 


FIG.    64  —  Perforated   canines   of   the 
bear  and  wolf   (half  size). 


FIG.  65  —  U  p  p  e  r  car 
nassial  of  the  wolf, 
grooved  for  attach- 
ment  (4/E  size). 


The  incisor  teeth  of  the  elk,  as  shown  in  Fig.  66,  were  highly 
prized  for  ornament,  and  quite  often  formed  the  pendant  of 
necklaces  found  with  the  burials.  The  majority  of  the  teeth 
had  a  groove  cut  around  the  end  of  the  root  for  attachment. 
However,  quite  a  number  were  perforated  with  a  hole  for  at- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        77 

tachment.  The  incisor  teeth  of  the  deer,  although  much  like  the 
elk,  were  not  used  for  ornament.  The  canine  teeth  of  the  elk, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  67,  were  always  used  for  ornament.  From  one 
grave  a  necklace  composed  of  nine  teeth  was  found;  in  another 
two  teeth  were  found,  one  on  each  side  of  the  head  of  the 
skeleton,  and  were  presumably  used  as  ear  ornaments,  while  in 
other  instances  a  single  tooth  was  found  in  a  position  to  indi 
cate  its  use  as  a  pendant  suspended  from  the  neck  unassociated 
with  any  other  ornament.  The  teeth  for  the  most  part  had  a 
single  hole  for  attachment,  the  drilling  being  done  from  both 
sides  of  the  tooth  through  the  base  of  the  root.  Occasionally 
a  tooth  would  be  met  with  having  two  holes  for  attachment. 

Another    interesting   pendant   and   found    in    many   burials, 
was  that  made  from  the  digits  of  the  wild  turkey  and  other  large 


FlG.    66  —  Pendants    made    of    the    in-  FIG.  67  —  Perforated  canine 

cisor   teeth    of   the  elk    (%  size).  teeth   of  the   elk    (%  size.) 

birds.  They  were  made  by  drilling  a  hole  in  the  posterior  end 
of  the  digit  to  the  depth  of  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch,  and 
then  drilling  a  hole  from  the  side  until  a  connection  was  made 
with  the  first  hole  drilled.  No  other  work  was  done  upon  them. 
Pendants  made  of  claws  of  various  animals  and  birds,  such  as 
the  bear,  wolf,  mountain  lion  and  eagle  were  found  sparingly 
in  all  parts  of  the  village  examined.  The  majority  of  the  claws 
were  not  perforated  for  attachment,  but  invariably  those  of  the 
mountain  lion  were  perforated  with  one  hole. 

Cut  Jaivs  Used  as  Ornaments — The  cutting  into  form  of 
animal  jaws  to  be  worn  as  ornament  was  a  very  prominent 
feature  in  ornament  making  of  the  inhabitants  of  Baum  Vil 
lage.  The  upper  and  lower  jaws  of  the  Gray  Wolf  (Canis  oc- 
cidentalis)  were  always  made  into  ornaments.  Fig.  68  shows 
a  very  frequent  way  of  cutting  the  jaw  in  the  desired  form. 


78        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

The  inferior  dental  canal  is  entirely  cut  away,  and  the  ends  of 
the  roots  of  the  teeth  are  also  cut  away.  The  incisors  and  pre- 
molars  are  gone,  but  the  canine  remains.  Another  form  of  cut 
ting  the  jaw  is  shown  in  Fig.  69,  where  two  molars  and  two  pre- 
molars  are  left.  Fig.  70  shows  the  manner  in  which  the  jaw 


FlO.    68  —  Cut   jaw   of   the    wolf    (half 
size). 


FIG.   69  —  Cut  lower  jaw  of  the 
wolf    (half  size). 


was  cut.  Bear  jaws  cut  into  ornaments  were  not  found  in  the 
village,  though  in  other  sections  of  the  county  ornaments  made 
of  the  jaws  of  this  animal  were  frequently  met  with.  At  the 
Baum  Village  nothing  but  the  gray  wolf  was  found. 

Deer  jaws  cut  into  implements  or  ornaments  are  not  abun 
dant  in  the  village,  although  the  perfect  and  broken  jaws   are 


FlG.  70 —  Cut  wolf  jaw,  showing  a  stage  in  the  manufacture  of  an  ornament  (half  size). 

present  everywhere.  Fig.  71  shows  a  very  interesting  cut  jaw. 
The  posterior  part  is  entirely  cut  away,  and  the  symphysis  is 
greatly  reduced  by  cutting  and  afterward  polishing.  The  per 
fect  set  of  teeth  shows  no  artificial  wear.  So  far  I  have  not 
been  able  to  suggest  its  use. 


E.vptoratwns  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        79 

Wild  turkey  heads  perforated  with  from  one  to  three  holes 
were  abundant  in  the  refuse  pits,  but  none  were  found  in  the 
graves.  However,  at  the  Gartner  Mound,  in  one  of  the  graves, 
fourteen  heads  were  found  which  had  served  as  rattles.  The 
heads  were  perforated  with  holes  for  attachment,  and  each  con- 


FIG.  71  —  Cut  lower  mandible  of  the  deer   (two-thirds  size). 

tained  small  quartz  pebbles.    The  heads  found  at  Baum  resembled 
in  every  way  those  found  at  the  Gartner  Mound. 

Pipes  —  Both  perfect  and  broken  pipes  were  found  in  every 
section  of  the  village,  though  not  many  were  found  in  the  graves. 
Out  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  burials  only  two  had  pipes 
placed  in  the  grave,  one  had  a  single  pipe  as  shown  in  Fig.  72, 
and  the  other  had  two,  both  made  very  much  alike,  one  of  which 

is  shown  in  Fig.  73.     For 
,..  <jgif7^i  a >•.•-,  the  most  part,  pipes  with 

out   stems   were   the    pre 
vailing  type   found. 


FIG.  72  —  Ovoid  pipe 
found  in  one  of  the 
burials  (2/3  size). 


FIG.  73  —  Pipe  made 
of  limestone  found 
with  one  of  the 

burials    (two-thirds 
size). 


FIG.      74  —  Pipe      with      short 
stem    (half   size). 


A  type  of  pipe  with  a  short  stem  is  shown  in  Fig.  74,  as 
well  as  a  tubular  pipe  made  of  clay,  was  also  found.  The 
tubular  pipes  were  apparently  made  of  the  same  kind  of  tem 
pered  clay  used  in  making  pottery.  The  average  length  was 
four  and  one-half  inches,  and  the  greatest  diameter  one  inch. 


80        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

The  tube  at  the  largest  end  would  average  almost  three-fourths 
of  an  inch,  gradually  tapering  to  the  small  end,  where  it  is 
about  one-fourth  inch  or  less  in  diameter. 

The  egg-shaped  or  oval  forms  were  more  abundant  than 
any  other  form.  They  were  made  of  limestone,  quartzite,  slate 
and  sandstone.  Pipes  showing  all  the  stages  of  manufacture 
were  found  from  the  roughly  pecked  form  to  the  polished 
quartzite  with  the  hole  in  the  bowl  half  completed. 

Method  of  Burial  in  the  Village  —  The  manner  of  burying 


FIG.  75  —  Skull  taken  from  one  of  the  burials  in  the  village. 

the  dead,  as  shown  in  Fig.  6,  may  be  considered  as  the  typical 
method  at  the  Baum  Village.  Each  family  group  had  their  own 
private  burial  ground,  and  it  was  very  close  to  the  tepee.  In 
several  instances  the  graves  were  less  than  three  feet  from  the 
tepee  site  and  seldom  would  the  graves  be  more  than  ten  feet 
away.  In  close  proximity  to  the  mound  the  family  groups  were 
quite  near  each  other,  and  the  family  burial  ground  so  restricted 
that  the  dead  would  necessarily  be  buried  close  together,  and 
the  subterranean  storehouses  would  be  dug  near  the  burial 
grounds.  This  condition  is  shown  in  Fig.  76,  where  three  chil- 


' 


6* 


81 


82        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

dren  and  four  adults  were  exposed  and  photographed  together 
with  one  of  the  largest  storehouses  found  in  the  village.  Three 
more  children  were  found  to  the  right  of  those  shown  in  the 
photograph,  making  ten  in  this  family  group,  four  adults  and 
six  children.  The  tepee  site  was  to  the  left  of  the  burials  and 
so  close  that  the  head  of  the  adult  to  the  left  was  very  much 
less  than  three  feet  from  the  post  molds  which  show  the  outline 
of  the  tepee.  While  no  pottery  was  placed  in  the  graves  of 
this  group,  the  fragments  show  perhaps  the  most  elaborate  dec 
orations  and  the  remains  of  the  largest  vessel  found  in  the  vil 
lage.  The  subterranean  storehouses  were  also  unusually  large 
and  the  contents  were  very  rich  in  animal  remains  and  imple- 


FlG.  77  —  Burials  encircling  a  tepee  site. 

ments  and  ornaments  of  various  kinds.  In  another  group  the 
burials  were  in  a  circle  around  tw7o  sides  of  the  tepee.  Three 
of  these  burials  are  shown  in  Fig.  77,  while  two  more  to  the 
right  constitute  the  family  group.  For  the  most  part  the  bodies 
were  placed  in  the  grave  with  a  perishable  covering,  though  three 
graves  were  exhumed  which  were  covered  with  slabs  of  slate. 
The  covered  graves  pertained  to  three  different  families,  and 
each  was  in  close  proximity  to  other  graves.  Fig.  78  shows  a 
covered  grave  of  an  adolescent ;  on  the  left  is  an  adult  and 
between  the  two  is  the  skeleton  of  a  very  small  child.  The 
adolescent's  grave,  as  is  shown  by  the  photograph,  was  carefully 
covered  with  the  slabs  of  slate,  showing  more  than  ordinary  care 
for  the  dead.  The  three  covered  graves  contained  two  adoles- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        83 


84        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  J'illage  Site. 

cents,  and  one  child.  Another  form  of  burial  occasionally  met 
with  in  the  family  groups  was  where  the  interment  was  made 
in  one  of  the  abandoned  storehouses.  A  photograph  of  this  mode 
of  burial  is  shown  in  Fig.  79.  The  head  is  bent  backward  and 
the  legs  are  flexed  so  that  the  feet  are  very  near  the  pelvis,  and 
the  whole  body  made  to  conform  to  the  size  of  the  pit.  During 
the  entire  exploration  only  four  skeletons  were  taken  from  the 
bottom  of  refuse  pits,  showing  that  perhaps  the  burials  were 


FIG.   79  —  Burial   in   one   of  the   refuse  pits. 

emergency  burials,  the  death  occurring  during  the  winter  when 
the  ground  was  frozen,  making  it  a  very  difficult  task  to  excavate 
the  frozen  earth  with  the  primitive  digging  implements.  How 
ever,  the  pit  burials  may  have  only  been  temporary  burials,  and 
the  re-interment  would  take  place  when  conditions  were  favor 
able  for  making  the  proper  excavations.  In  two  of  the  burials 
in  the  pits  the  indications  point  to  a  permanent  burial  after  the 
bodies  had  been  placed  in  the  pits,  which  were  quite  deep.  The 
clay  forming  the  sides  of  the  pit  was  used  to  cover  the  body  to 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        85 

the  depth  of  four  inches,  and  afterwards  the  pit  was  filled  with 
refuse  the  same  as  other  pits  in  the  village.  The  other  two  burials 
had  been  placed  in  the  pits  after  they  had  been  about  one-fourth 
filled  with  refuse,  and  the  bodies  were  covered  with  ashes  to 
the  depth  of  three  inches,  and  the  pits  afterwards  filled  with 
refuse.  These  two  may  have  been  temporary  burials  and  left 
by  accident  in  the  pits. 

The  inhabitants  of  Baum  Village,  according  to  the  measure 
ments,  would  average  for  adult  males  about  five  feet  seven  and 
one-half  inches  in  height  and  adult  females  five  feet  four  inches, 
only  one  man  being  found  that  would  measure  six  feet.  His 
skeleton  as  shown  in  Fig.  80.  The  bones  of  the  skeleton  are 
perfect,  and  are  large  in  proportion  to  the  height  of  the  indi 
vidual.  He  died  before  reaching  the  age  of  thirty  years.  Sev- 


FlG.    80  — •  The    largest   skeleton    found    in    the    village. 

eral  skeletons  of  adult  males  found  in  the  village  have  strong, 
heavy  and  perfect  bones  and  prominent  muscular  attachment,  in 
dicating  that  they  were  strong  and  muscular,  and  lived  to  a  ripe 
old  age.  A  photograph  of  one  of  these  skeletons,  which  measures 
five  feet  six  and  three-quarter  inches  in  height,  is  shown  in 
Fig.  81. 

Out  of  forty-nine  tepee  sites  explored,  ten  had  no  burials 
surrounding  them,  and  only  a  few  storehouses,  showing  that  the 
tepee  had  not  been  occupied  for  any  great  period.  All  the 
burials  in  the  entire  village  were  practically  the  same,  being 
placed  in  a  grave  with  their  implements  and  ornaments,  unat 
tended  by  any  ceremony  of  fire. 

As  I  have  stated  elsewhere  in  this  paper,  fifty-eight  per 
cent,  of  the  children  never  reached  the  adult  age.  I  also  made  an 
estimate  from  my  field  notes  of  the  fifty-three  adults  and  find 


86        Explorations  of  the  Baiun  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

that  ninety-two  per  cent,  died  before  reaching  the  age  of  fifty, 
and  that  fifty-six  per  cent,  died  before  reaching  the  age  of  thirty. 
1  also  found  that  twenty-one  skeletons  of  the  one  hundred  and 
twenty-seven  exhumed  had  diseased  bones,  and  I  requested  Mr. 
S.  T.  Orton,  then  a  student  at  the  Ohio  State  University  pre 
paratory  to  his  course  in  medicine  and  one  of  my  assistants  in 
the  field,  to  take  up  the  study  of  the  diseased  bones  when  the 
proper  time  came.  Accordingly,  after  finishing  his  scientific 
course  at  the  Ohio  State  University,  he  entered  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  devoted  much 
of  his  spare  time  for  three  years  to  the  microscopical  study  of 
the  diseased  bones  procured  from  the  graves  of  the  Baum  \'il- 


FlG.    81  —  The   skeleton   in   the    foreground    represents   the   strongest   and   oldest   person 
inhumated   in   the   village. 

lage  Site,  and  in  April,  1905,  published  in  the  Medical  Bulletin 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  the  results  of  his  investiga 
tion  in  a  paper  entitled  "A  Study  of  the  Pathological  Changes 
in  Some  Mound-Builders  Bones  from  the  Ohio  Valley,  With 
Especial  Reference  to  Syphilis,"  and  I  quote  at  some  length  from 
this  article. 

"As  will  be  seen  below  the  lesions  of  the  bones  examined 
are  such  as  to  lead  to  the  diagnosis  of  syphilis  as  their  etio- 
logical  factor.  The  reader  of  works  on  the  history  of  syphilis 
will  find  interest  in  the  discussions  of  many  syphilographers 
and  historians  on  the  origin  of  this  now  almost  universal  dis 
ease.  The  French  writers  especially  have  taken  up  the  argu- 


88        Explorations  of  the  Bauni  Prehistoric  I'illage  Site. 

ment,  and  we  find  opinion  divided  between  three  possibilities : 
( i )  That  the  disease  was  endemic  both  in  this  continent  and 
the  old  world  before  communication  was  established  across  the 
Atlantic.  (2)  That  the  origin  of  the  infection  was  in  the  Ameri 
can  races,  and  that  it  was  carried  to  Europe  by  the  sailors  of  Co 
lumbus'  expedition  on  their  return;  and  (3)  the  reverse  of  the 


FIG.  83  —  The  large  skeleton  in  the  center  was  used  by  Dr.  Orton  in  his  investigations. 

latter  theory  —  i.  e.,  that  its  place  of  endemicity  was  in  Europe, 
and  that  it  was  brought  westward  to  this  side  of  the  Atlantic 
by  Columbus'  men  and  so  implanted  here. 

It  will  be  readily  seen  that  the  results  of  the  present  inves 
tigation  have  no  bearing  on  the  two  former  hypotheses.  If  the 
diagnosis  given  is  correct,  in  view  of  the  undoubted  pre-Colum- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        89 

bian  time  of  these  remains,  it  is  entirely  incompatible  with  the 
third  explanation.  It  may  well  be  added  here,  however,  that 
the  supporters  of  this  theory  are  comparatively  few. 

A  vast  amount  of  literature  has  been  published  in  discus 
sion  of  this  question,  and  strong  arguments  brought  to  bear  on 
all  sides. 

The  work  of  Buret  in  support  of  the  universal  pre-Colum 
bian  distribution  brings  up  some  very  strong  proofs.  These 
volumes,  while  of  only  a  semi-scientific  nature,  gives  a  resume 
of  a  great  amount  of  evidence  of  various  worth.  Early  in  the 
first  volume  is  an  account  of  lesions  found  on  human  osseus 
remains  exhumed  at  Soultre  in  the  Department  of  Saone-et- 
Loire  in  western  France.  These  bones,  found  buried  with  those 
of  the  horse  and  reindeer  and  cut  flints,  etc.,  belonging  to  the 
Gallo-Roman  or  Merovingian  epochs,  were  referred  by  anthro 
pologists  of  the  best  authority  to  the  Stone  age,  and,  the  author 
adds,  "examined  by  Broca,  Oilier,  Parrot,  and  Virchow,  the  le 
sions  were,  by  common  consent,  pronounced  syphilitic."  Then 
follow  reports  of  examinations  of  several  Peruvian  prehistoric 
skulls  showing  evidences  of  acquired  and  hereditary  syphilis  and, 
by  way  of  contrast,  lesions  which  from  their  description  seem 
identical,  on  bony  remains  from  the  caverns  and  dolmens  inhab 
ited  by  "tribes  who  peopled  the  Gauls  during  the  Stone  Age  and 
in  the  druidical  times  before  the  Prankish  dynasties."  In  another 
chapter  is  given  an  abstract  of  translations  from  Chinese  doc 
uments  collected  by  the  Emperor  Hoang-ty,  2637  B.  cv  and  form 
ing  the  volume  Hoang-ty-mi-King  or  the  Medical  Treatise  of 
Hoang-ty.  Quotations  of  this  translation  give  very  apt  descrip 
tions  of  the  two  main  varieties  of  venereal  ulcers  with  reference 
to  the  connection  between  the  Hunterian  sore  and  the  secondary 
eruption,  with  an  account  of  the  varieties  of  the  latter  which  is 
easily  recognizable,  and  as  treatment  advise  mercurial  frictions, 
aided  by  an  oily  mixture  and  a  powder  composed  of  mercury.* 

*  It  is  of  interest  here  to  mention  also  the  account  of  vaccination 
against  variola  practised  by  the  Hindoo  physicians  1000  years  B.  c.,  by 
taking  the  liquid  of  the  pustule  of  the  cow's  teat  or  from  the  arm  of 
a  human  being,  placing  it  upon  the  point  of  a  lancet  and  introducing 
it  into  the  arm  of  the  patient  to  be  vaccinated,  mixing  the  fluid  with 
the  blood,  etc, 


90        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

In  support  of  the  existence  of  syphilis  in  Biblical  times,  during 
the  ascendancy  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  and  in  the  Middle 
Ages,  is  quoted  a  mass  of  documents,  largely  secular,  which  show 
beyond  doubt  that  venereal  diseases  of  some  kind  were  rampant 
then,  and  would  seem  to  indicate  the  probability  of  the  existence 
of  lues  venerea,  but  hardly  prove  the  point. 

On  the  other  side  the  discussion  was  headed  by  Astruc, 
the  early  French  syphilographer.  His  articles,  while  able,  were 
written  before  the  discovery  of  many  important  pieces  of  evidence, 
and  hence  are  not  of  such  worth  as  the  work  of  Bloch,  which  is 
among  the  most  recent  writing  on  the  subject. 

Bloch  credits  the  appearance  of  the  disease  in  Europe  to 
the  return  of  Columbus'  first  expedition  and  its  rapid  dissem 
ination  to  the  debauchery  of  the  troops  of  Henry  the  VIII.  of 
France  on  his  expedition  against  Naples  and  their  widespread 
dispersion,  carrying  the  infection  with  them,  at  the  end  of  the 
siege.  He  uses  the  malignency  of  the  epidemic  of  Naples  as 
an  argument  in  support  of  his  theory  that  European  peoples 
were  before  that  outbreak  free  from  the  disease  and  consequently 
lacked  that  immunity  which  would  obtain  through  long  exposure 
of  the  race  to  infection.  To  quote  directly :  "Wenn  der  Syphilis 
schon  Jahrtausende  bestanden  hatte,  dann  hatte  doch  im  Laufe 
dieser  langen  Zeit  ein  so  grosse  Immunisirung  der  Volker  des 
Orbis  antiquus  gegen  das  syphilitische  Gift  eintreten  miissen  dass 
die  Ereignisse  am  Ende  das  fiinfzehnten  Jahrhunderts  einfach  un- 
moglich  gewesen  waren. 

He  asks  how  else  can  the  early  appearance  of  the  secondary 
lesions,  the  high  fever,  the  pain,  the  high  mortality,  etc.,  in 
the  Neapolitan  outbreak  be  explained.  It  seems  not  untenable 
to  believe  that  the  infection  had  been  present  on  both  sides  of 
the  Atlantic  for  thousands  of  years  and  that  in  this  way  the 
virus  may  have  become  attenuated  in  each  continent  —  so  much 
so  in  Europe  as  to  have  been  overlooked  during  the  dark  era 
of  the  Middle  Ages,  or  to  have  been  confounded  with  leprosy 
or  other  current  diseases  — and  to  have  owed  its  virulence  in 
the  epidemic  of  1495-6  to  a  transplantation  of  the  infection  of 
American  origin  on  to  what  might  be  for  it  a  favorable  soil. 
Evidences  of  this  variability  in  infective  agencies  is  seen  some- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        91 

times  in  cases  where  inhabitants  of  a  notorious  typhoid  centre 
remain  free  from  infection  for  indefinite  periods  only  to  suc 
cumb  to  the  disease  on  removal  to  another  endemic  focus.  Here 
also  may  be  mentioned  the  severity  of  the  venereal  infections 
brought  back  by  our  own  troops  from  the  Philippines.  One 
author  has  spoken  of  the  organism  of  gonorrhceal  infection  from 
this  source  as  the  micrococcus  gonorrhceae  malignus. 

With  regard  to  the  pathology  of  the  specimens  under  exam 
ination  a  considerable  handicap  is  apparent  in  that  the  cellular  con 
stituents  of  the  bones  are  long  since  disintegrated,  but  the  lesions 
of  the  resistant  parts  are  sufficiently  characteristic  to  permit  of 
diagnosis.  These  changes  in  the  hard  parts  in  syphilitic  diseases 
exclusive  of  the  cellular  study  are  reviewed  here  for  comparison 
with  the  results  to  be  shown  presently. 

All  authors  agree  on  the  subject  that  the  bones  most  fre 
quently  the  seat  of  syphilitic  changes  are  those  which  are  most 
exposed  to  trauma,  which  seems  to  act  as  a  focalizing  factor  for 
the  morbid  process.  The  order  of  preference  given  is :  the  tibia, 
clavicle,  cranium,  ulna,  sternum,  ribs,  etc.  This  is  notoriously 
the  distribution  of  lesions  found  in  the  mound-builders.  One 
particular  skeleton  is  recalled  in  which  the  gross  changes  were 
apparent  in  both  tibiae,  the  vault  of  the  cranium,  one  clavicle, 
and  one  ulna,  and  this  was  noted  before  the  sites  of  election  of 
the  syphilitic  processes  were  known  to  the  observer,  and,  in 
deed,  before  syphilis  was  suspected  as  being  a  factor  in  the 
case.  The  following  figures,  furnished  by  Mr.  Mills,  will  show 
something  of  the  distribution :  Of  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven 
skeletons  exhumed  at  the  Baum  Village  site,  twenty-one  were 
diseased.  Fully  sixty  per  cent,  of  those  affected  show  the  lesions 
worst  upon  the  tibia,  the  ulna  coming  next  perhaps,  then  the 
cranium  and  then  the  sternum.  But  few  ribs  were  affected. 

"The  gross  changes  brought  about  by  the  syphilitic  process 
in  long  bones  consist  of  one  or  more  large  exotoses  (rarely  a 
hyperostosis)  in  the  diaphysis.  In  the  tibia,  for  instance,  the 
exotosis  is  usually  single  when  well  advanced  and  is  a  large, 
ovoid  hypertrophy,  most  frequently  in  the  upper  half  of  the  shaft, 
although  sometimes  the  whole  of  the  diaphysis  is  involved.  This 
new  growth  of  bone,  to  be  typical,  shows  both  in  the  gross  sec- 


92        Explorations  of  the  Bauni  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

tion  and  microscopically  the  condition  of  rarefying  osteitis  side 
by  side  with  one  of  condensing  osteitis  which  may  be  far  enough 
advanced  to  justify  the  term  'eburnation.'  In  any  given  speci 
men,  however,  the  lesions  may  be  chiefly  confined  to  any  one  of 
these  three  types,  dependent  on  the  progress  of  the  disease  — 
but  the  other  types  are  always  present  to  a  greater  or  less  de 
gree.  There  may  be  also  on  the  surface  of  the  bone  small  osteo- 
phytes  either  of  intense  hardness  when  they  are,  as  a  rule,  more 
or  less  regular  and  polished,  or  when  they  occur  in  the  line  of 
origin  or  insertion  of  a  muscle  roughened,  irregular  projections. 

"Sometimes  the  exostosis,  which  is  nearly  always  on  the 
anterior  aspect  of  the  bone  (that  part  exposed  to  trauma),  may 
involve  the  entire  length  of  the  diaphysis,  giving  a  curve  of 
large  radius  with  convexity  forward  and  distorting  the  whole 
of  the  bone  except  the  epiphyses,  which  seem  to  be  entirely  nor 
mal.  This  gives  rise  to  the  condition  called  'sabre-blade'  de 
formity  when  occurring  in  the  tibia,  where  it  is  most  frequently 
seen.  The  lumen  of  the  medullary  canal  may  be  enlarged  through 
absorption  of  the  bone  surrounding  it.  This  may  be  greater  or 
less  than,  or  equal  to,  the  deposition  of  bone  from  the  periosteal 
side,  thus  giving  a  large  canal  with  thin  walls  or  thick  walls 
with  an  increased  lumen,  or  an  increased  lumen  with  walls  of 
about  normal  thickness.  Sometimes  deposition  of  bone  takes 
place  from  the  endosteum,  encroaching  on  the  medullary  canal 
either  through  the  formation  of  dense  bone  or  through  a  mesh 
of  very  fine  interlacing  spicules  of  osseous  material,  almost  or 
entirely  filling  up  the  original  canal.  The  external  surface  of  an 
exostosis  of  a  long  bone  may  be  as  smooth  as,  or  even  smoother 
than,  the  normal  bone  surface,  in  which  case  the  condition  of 
sclerosis  will  usually  be  found  to  be  the  predominant  one,  or  it 
may  be  marked  with  irregular  lines  or  depressions  more  or  less 
parallel  with  the  long  diameter  of  the  shaft,  or  deeply  grooved 
with  branching  channels  in  which  lay  the  enlarged  periosteal  ves 
sels,  or  filled  with  small  holes  running  into  the  body,  which  on 
section  prove  to  be  enlarged  Haversian  canals  perpendicular  to 
the  shaft. 

"Differential  diagnosis  is  here  made  from  tuberculosis, 
chronic  osteomyelitis,  and  osteitis  deformans.  The  pathological 


Explorations  of  the  Bauin  Prehistoric  tillage  Site.        9$ 

changes  of  bone  syphilis  are  so  clear  and  well  defined,  however, 
as  not  to  require  elaborate  differentiation.  Osteitis  deformans, 
while  a  rare  disease,  now,  is  included  in  view  of  the  fact  that  so 
little  is  known  of  the  diseases  prevalent  at  the  time  from  which 
our  material  has  come.  In  the  osseous  lesions  of  tuberculosis 
and  chronic  osteomyelitis  the  formation  of  an  involucrum  with 
sequestra  and  claocae  is  usually  a  prominent  feature.  In  the 
tuberculous  bone  affections  the  disease  is  very  often  manifested 
in  the  epiphyses  and  joints  and  leaves  there  unmistakable  traces 
of  its  ravages.  Lazarus-Barlow  is  quoted  here :  'Tuberculous 
disease  of  bones  differs  in  the  fact  that  sclerosis  is  almost  char 
acterized  by  its  absence.  *  *  *  It  is  never  found  that  a 
focus  of  tuberculous  disease  shows  a  considerable  formation  of 
new  bone  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  principal  seat  of  the  dis 
ease.  The  utmost  that  we  see  is  the  presence  of  a  few  osteophytic 
growths.'  Again,  the  same  author  says  of  osteitis  deformans : 
'All  bones  are  usually  affected  and  the  whole  bone  is  involved.' 
This  is  a  true  hyperostosis  of  general  distribution  rather  than 
exostosis  on  certain  selected  bones  as  is  the  case  in  syphilis. 

"The  microscopic  picture  of  bone  syphilis  exclusive  of  the 
cellular  changes  is  directly  comparable  to  the  gross  lesions  — 
i.  c.,  concurrent  rarefying  and  condensing  osteitis.  Cornil  and 
Ranvier,  in  describing  the  result  of  rarefaction  by  enlargement 
of  the  Haversian  canals,  says :  *  *  *  The  canals  commun 
icate  and  by  their  junction  form  irregular  spaces  filled  with 
marrow  of  an  embryonal  type.'  Simes  and  White,  in  their  trans 
lations  of  Cornil's  Syphilis,  describe  the  sclerotic  changes  as  fol 
lows  :  'When  under  the  influence  of  appropriate  treatment  or  fol 
lowing  the  natural  course  of  the  malady,  the  inflammation  ceases 
and  the  disease  retrogrades,  there  is  seen  a  reparation  of  the 
diseased  and  partially  destroyed  bone.  *  *  *  There  result  new 
lamellae  with  new  osteoblasts,  and  these  form  several  series  par 
allel  one  with  another,  or  follow  the  irregular  arrangement  of 
the  Haversian  canals.  This  exuberant  formation  of  new  osseous 
lamellae  may  constitute  beneath  the  periosteum  exostoses  of  vary 
ing  size  and  in  the  bone  a  parenchymatous  exostosis  or  eburna- 
tion."  Again  in  Shakespeare  and  Simes'  translation  of  Cornil 
and  Ranvier's  work  appears  the  following:  'A  transformation 


94        Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

which  has  taken  place  in  consequence  of  the  formation  of  osseous 
tissue  which  being  deposited  in  the  interior  of  the  canals  has 
narrowed  them.  The  new  osseous  layers  may  be  so  arranged 
that  the  lumen  of  the  canal  does  not  correspond  to  the  centre  of 
the  original  canal.  This  process  continuing,  the  canal  may  be 
completely  obliterated,  so  that  at  the  centre  of  the  concentric 
layers,  instead  of  a  canal  there  is  found  one  or  more  bone  cor 
puscles.' 

"A  rough  qualitative  analysis  of  the  material  under  exam 
ination  showed  large  amounts  of  calcium  and  magnesium,  some 
aluminum,  a  trace  of  iron,  the  carbonic,  sulphuric,  and  hydro 
chloric  acid  radicals,  and  considerable  organic  matter.  On  com 
plete  incineration  of  a  portion  of  bone  in  the  oxidizing  flame, 
reducing  it  to  an  amorphous  white  powder,  a  loss  of  seventeen 
per  cent,  by  weight  was  noted.  After  heating  until  the  mass 
charred  and  then  lost  its  black  color  (becoming  gray  and  not 
white  as  above,  and  leaving  no  residue  on  solution  with  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid)  the  percentage  of  weight  loss  was  on  an  average 
ten.  Although  the  conclusions  here  are  reached  by  a  very  rough 
method  and  are  probably  far  from  accurate,  ten  per  cent,  weight 
loss  is  taken  to  represent  approximately  the  amount  of  organic 
matter  and  the  additional  seven  per  cent,  accounted  for  by  the 
breaking  up  of  the  carbonates  and  the  evolution  of  carbon  dioxide. 
The  source  of  the  organic  matter  here  is  a  question  —  whether 
remains  of  the  original  animal  matter  of  the  bone,  or  vegetable  re 
placement  during  their  stay  in  the  soil.  The  latter  possibility  seems 
more  reasonable  and  is  supported  by  the  finding  of  small  roots 
in  the  medullary  cavity  of  some  of  the  bones  sending  their 
finer  branches  into  the  cancellous  structure  and  enlarged  Haver- 
sian  canals. 

"RESUME  —  The  material  under  examination  is  from  a 
source  undoubtedly  pre-Columbian  and  the  lesions  are  such  as 
to  justify  the  diagnosis  of  syphilis  by  the  following  pathological 
evidence :  Changes  affecting  chiefly  the  diaphyses  where  long 
bones  are  concerned,  showing  a  predilection  for  those  bones  which 
are  most  exposed  to  trauma,  consisting  of  large  exotoses  and 
osteophytic  overgrowths,  and  characterized  by  the  concurrent 
presence  in  the  same  specimen  of  both  a  rarefying  and  con- 


Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site.        95 

densing  osteitis  as  demonstrated  by  gross  and  microscopic  ex 
amination.  Of  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  skeletons  from  one 
series  of  excavations,  twenty-one  showed  traces  of  disease,  sixty 
per  cent,  of  the  affected  showed  the  changes  most  upon  the  tibia 
with  the  ulna,  cranium,  and  sternum  following  in  order.  Of  the 
specimens  examined  rarefying  osteitis  was  grossly  manifest  in 
all  but  two,  one  of  which  (ankylosed  metatarsal  and  cuneiform) 
was  probably  of  traumatic  or  septic  nature,  and  the  other  (a 
clavicle)  was  not  examined  in  cross-section.  Grossly  sclerosis 
was  evident  in  three  of  the  ten,  while  on  microscopic  examina 
tion  only  one  of  six  from  which  sections  were  taken  failed  to 
show  condensation  in  some  areas." 

The  explorations  of  the  Baum  Village  site  have  brought  to 
light  many  points  of  interest  concerning  the  home  life  of  a 
prehistoric  people  who  had  risen  above  the  level  of  mere  chil 
dren  of  the  forest,  depending  upon  wild  wood  for  their  subsis 
tence.  They  had  established  homes,  a  developed  agriculture, 
made  the  collection  of  and  provided  storage  for  food  supplies 
for  future  use.  Therefore  the  Baum  Village  site  culture  in  all 
essential  points  resembles  the  culture  of  the  Gartner  Village  site 
along  the  Scioto,  and  the  Ft.  Ancient  and  other  culture  sites 
along  the  Miami;  establishing  the  fact  that  at  one  time  the  val 
leys  of  southern  and  central  Ohio  were  peopled  by  a  culture 
which  was  quite  uniform  throughout  the  entire  section,  and  for 
convenience  I  have  termed  these  early  inhabitants  the  Ft.  Ancient 
Culture.  The  manufacture  of  their  implements,  such  as  scrapers, 
awls,  needles  and  fish-hooks,  as  well  as  the  many  implements 
in  stone,  as  shown  by  the  various  stages  in  the  manufacture  of 
these  implements,  were  in  every  respect  similar  throughout  the 
entire  region.  In  the  manufacture  of  their  pottery,  and  especially 
in  regard  to  their  designs  and  shapes,  they  were  quite  similar, 
and  it  would  be  impossible  to  distinguish  the  Ft.  Ancient  pottery 
from  the  Baum,  and  the  Baum  from  the  Gartner  Village  Site 
pottery.  In  the  same  valleys  occupied  by  the  Ft.  Ancient  Cul 
ture  we  find  evidence  of  a  higher  culture,  and  for  my  con 
venience  I  have  designated  this  culture  the  Hopewell  Culture, 
taking  the  articles  secured  by  Prof.  Moorehead  from  the  Hope- 
well  Mounds  as  the  type.  The  Ft.  Ancient  culture  occupied 


96       Explorations  of  the  Baum  Prehistoric  Village  Site. 

portions  of  the  valleys  which  were  later  occupied  by  the  Hope- 
well  culture,  as  was  evidenced  by  the  results  of  the  explorations 
of  the  Harness  Mound  group  during  the  past  summer  (1905). 
After  completing  the  explorations  of  the  Harness  Mound,  the 
articles  taken  therefrom  being  of  the  higher  culture,  I  exam 
ined  a  mound  located  outside  of  the  great  circle  and  not  far 
distant  from  the  Harness  Group,  directly  to  the  south,  and  found 
this  mound  to  be  a  burial  mound  of  the  Ft.  Ancient  Culture.  At 
the  center  of  the  mound,  and  a  few  feet  under  the  surface,  was 
found  an  intrusive  cremated  burial,  similar  in  every  respect  to 
the  cremated  burials  of  the  Harness  Mound.  The  artifacts  of 
the  Hopewell  Culture  can  in  almost  every  object  used  in  com 
mon  by  the  two  cultures  readily  be  distinguished  from  those 
of  the  Ft.  Ancient  Culture  by  the  portrayal  of  the  esthetic  ideas 
of  the  artisan. 

My  conclusions  are,  as  I  have  stated  elsewhere  in  this  paper, 
that  the  builders  of  the  Baum  Mound  were  isochronological  with 
the  dwellers  in  the  Baum  Village.  As  in  all  the  sites  of  the  Ft. 
Ancient  Culture  examined,  the  inhabitants  had  an  inter-tribal 
trade,  as  evidenced  by  the  copper,  ocean  shells  and  mica  there 
found ;  that  the  dwellers  in  this  village  were  pre-Columbian,  as 
no  objects  showing  European  contact  were  met  with  and  the 
village  was  occupied  by  the  same  culture  in  all  its  parts. 


FIG.  84  —  Cut  metatarsal  of  the  Mountain   Lion   (three- fourths  size). 


PART  IV 

Explorations  of  the  Edwin 
Harness  Mound 


.    1 

Explorations  of  the  Edwin 
Harness  Mound 


WILLIAM  C.  MILLS,  M.  Sc. 

(Curator  and   Librarian   Ohio  State  Archaeological   and   Historical  Society) 


Reprint  from  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and   Historical  Quarterly 
Volume  XVI,   Number  2 


Columbus 
PRESS  OF  FRED.  J.   HEER 

1907 


NOTE. 

This  report  is  reprinted  from  the  sixteenth  annual  publica 
tion  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society, 
for  the  convenience  of  those  who  are  only  interested  in  the  Arch- 
geological  Department  of  the  Society.  The  annuals  complete  are 
sent  only  to  members  of  the  Society  or  others  especially  entitled 

to  them. 

E.  O.  RANDALL,  Secretary, 

Columbus,  Ohio. 


THE  EXPLORATIONS  OF  THE   EDWIN    HARNESS 
MOUND. 


WILLIAM    C.    MILLS. 

The  Edwin  Harness  Mound  is  the  largest  of  the  four 
teen  mounds  which  are  located  within  the  earthworks  of  the 
Harness  group1  and  in  close  proximity  to  them,  and  it  would 
equal  in  dimensions  more  than  all  the  other  mounds  of  this  group 
combined,  and  perhaps  the  largest  mound  in  the  Scioto  Valley 
proper,  although  not  equal  in  size  to  the  great  Hopewell  Mound, 
located  on  the  north  fork  of  Paint  Creek  and  the  Seip  Mound 
located  in  the  western  part  of  the  county  along  Paint  Creek. 

The  Harness  group,  consisting  of  burial  mounds  and  a  com 
bination  of  circles  and  a  square,  is  located  in  Liberty  Township, 
Ross  County,  Ohio,  eight  miles  south  of  Chillicothe,  and  is  sit 
uated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Scioto  River  and  occupies  the 
third  bottom  and  is  fully  a  mile  from  the  present  river  channel. 

Portions  of  the  earthworks  and  the  large  mound  of  the  group 
can  be  seen  from  the  Chillicothe  and  Richmondale  Pike  which 
crosses  the  works  directly  in  front  of  the  large  mound. 

The  ground  upon  which  the  I  larness  group  is  situated  is 
level,  and  the  earth  used  in  the  construction  of  the  large  mound 
and  of  the  earthworks  was  taken  from  the  surface  in  close  prox 
imity  to  the  earthworks. 

Squier  and  Davis  in  their  account  give  a  very  good  descrip 
tion  of  the  appearance  of  the  earthworks,  mounds  and  surround 
ings  at  the  time  of  their  survey,  and  the  following  quotation  is 
from  their  published  report.-  "The  walls  of  the  entire  work- 
are  unaccompanied  by  a  ditch,  and  are  slight,  nowhere  more 


1  Described    by     Squier    and     Davis    as     "Ancient     Works     in     Ross 
County,"   on   page  .Vi  of  "Ancient   Monuments  of  tbe   Mississippi  Valley." 

"  "Ancient   Monuments   of   tbe    Mississippi    Valley,"    page   5li,    Squier 
and   Davis, 

(5) 


6  ILvplonitions  of  the  /:</uc///   Harness  Mound. 

than  four  feet  in  height.  The  embankment  of  the  square  is  per- 
ceptihly  heavier  than  that  of  the  small  cirele,  which  is  also 
heavier  than  that  of  the  larger  one.  The  s(|uare  work  measures 
1,080  feet  upon  each  side;  and  its  walls  are  interrupted  at  the 
corner  and  upon  the  middle  of  each  side  by  gatewavs  thirty  feet 
in  width.  The  central  gateways  are  each  covered  bv  a  small 
mound,  of  about  the  same  height  with  the  embankment,  and 
placed  forty  feet  interior  to  it.  The  manner  in  which  the  cir 
cular  works  are  connected  with  the  square  enclosure  are  accu 
rately  shown  in  the  plan,  precluding  the  necessity  of  a  long  and 
intricate  description.  It  will  be  observed,  that  while  the  wall  of 
the  larger  circle  is  interrupted  throughout, —  a  feature  for  which 
it  is,  of  course,  impossible  to  assign  a  reason.  Ik-sides  the  small 
mounds  at  the  gateways,  there  are  three  others  within  the  works. 
two  of  which  are  inconsiderable,  while  the  other  is  of  the  largest 
size,  being  160  feet  long  by  not  far  from  20  feet  high.  There 
are  also  a  few  other  mounds  outside  of  the  walls,  reference  to 
which  is  had  elsewhere.  Numerous  dug  holes  occur  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  great  mound.  Most  of  these  are  interior  to  the 
works, —  a  very  unusual  circumstance.  In  fact,  the  whole  work 
appears  to  have  been  but  partially  finished,  or  constructed  in 
great  haste.  The  mounds  at  the  gateways  and  those  outside  of 
the  walls  are  formed  by  carelessly  scooping  up  the  earth  at  then- 
base,  leaving  irregular  pits  near  them.  In  most  of  the  regular 
works  the  material  seems  to  have  been  taken  up  evenly  and 
with  great  care  or  brought  from  a  distance. 

"Xo  one  would  be  apt  to  ascribe  a  defensive  origin  to  this 
work,  yet  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  for  what  other  purpose  a 
structure  of  such  dimensions,  embracing  nearly  one  hundred 
acres  could  have  been  designed.  The  great  mound  is  anomalous 
in  its  character,  and  throws  no  light  on  the  question.  That  there 
is  some  hidden  significance,  in  the  first  place  in  the  irregularity, 
and  secondly  in  the  arrangement  of  the  various  parts,  can  hardly 
be  doubted.  Nor  can  the  coincidences  observable  between  this 
and  the  other  succeeding  works  of  the  same  series  be  wholly 
accidental." 

Mr.  Gerard  Fowke  in  his  "Archaeological  History  of  Ohio" 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  1 

discusses    at    some    length    the    discrepancies    in    the    surveys   of 
Squier  and   Davis. :: 

T  have  prepared  a  drawing  of  the  works.  Fig.  i.  following 
the  suggestions  and  corrections  of  Mr.  F'owke  and  have  verified 
his  statements  bv  a  personal  examination  of  everv  portion  of  the 
earthworks  available. 

Many  changes  have  taken  place  since  the  survey  by  Squier 
and  Davis.  At  that  time  almost  the  entire  works  were  covered 
with  the  native  forest,  but  now  only  a  part  of  the  small  circle 
shows  the  original  form  as  it  was  a  half  century  ago,  and  a 
greater  portion  of  the  land  has  been  under  cultivation  for  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

A  railroad, —  The  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  and  Dayton, —  has 
cut  through  a  portion  of  the  earthworks  on  the  east  side  of  the 
pike,  and  Mr.  Harness  has  built  a  large  house  and  barn  on  a 
portion  of  the  site  of  the  small  circle. 

The  land  upon  which  the  earthworks  are  located  was  for 
merly  owned  by  two  brothers,  Messrs.  Edwin  and  Daniel  Har 
ness.  The  line  separating  their  farms  extends  almost  east  and 
west  about  twenty-five  feet  south  of  the  large  mound. 

Since  the  survey  by  Mr.  Fowke  Mr.  Daniel  Harness  has 
died,  and  his  estate  has  been  apportioned  among  his  heirs,  and 
Mr.  FIdwin  Harness  has  divided  his  land  and  the  part  now  oc 
cupied  by  the  greater  portion  of  the  mounds  and  earthworks 
belongs  to  his  son,  Mr.  John  M.  Harness,  who  aided  in  many 
ways  to  make  our  examination  of  the  earthworks  pleasant  and 
profitable. 

TIIK  KDWIX    IIARXKSS   Morxi). 

The  Edwin  Harness  mound  has  been  a  noted  one  since  the 
early  examination  in  1846  by  Squier  and  Davis.  During  the  last 
half  centurv  many  attempts  to  explore  the  large  structure  have 
been  made  bv  various  institutions  and  bv  private  individuals, 
and  as  a  consequence  the  various  artifacts  taken  from  the  graves 
of  this  mound  are  greatly  scattered.  The  specimens  taken  by 
Squier  and  Davis  during  their  examination  in  1846  are  in  the 
Blackmore  Museum,  Salisbury.  England.  Peabody  Museum. 


"Archaeological  History  of  Ohio,"  by  Gerard  Fowke.  page  184. 


FIG.  1  —  The  Harness  Group. 


Explorations  of  the  Iidicin  Harness  Mound.  9 

Harvard  University,  contains  some  278  recorded  specimens  taken 
from  this  mound  and  the  two  small  mounds  outside  of  the  in- 
closure,  the  results  of  the  explorations  by  Prof.  F.  \\'.  1'utnam 
in  1885.  ( )ur  own  museum  contains  more  than  12,000  specimens 
secured  by  the  two  expeditions  sent  into  the  field  bv  the  Society, 
the  first  in  1896,  by  Professor  Moorehead,  who  secured  several 
hundred  specimens,  and  the  last  expeditions  by  the  writer  in 
1903  and  1905,  when  the  remainder  of  the  12,000  specimens  were 
secured  and  the  examination  of  the  mound  was  completed. 

( )utside  of  the  specimens  accounted  for  in  the  various  mu 
seums  of  the  country  some  four  or  five  private  individuals,  who 
were  school  boys  in  the  early  fifties,  each  have  in  their  possession 
from  two  to  ten  copper  pieces  taken  from  the  mound  during 
their  school  days,4  and  at  one  time  there  was  scarcely  a  home  in 
the  neighborhood  that  did  not  have  from  one  to  a  dozen  artifacts 
of  various  kinds  from  this  mound,  but  these  specimens  are  now 
so  scattered  that  they  will  probably  never  be  recovered. 

In  the  following  pages  I  propose  to  give  a  detailed  account 
of  the  final  explorations  of  this  mound,  and  the  recital  would 
not  be  complete  without  including  all  the  explorations  made  in 
connection  with  this  mound. 

K.xi'LOK.vrroxs  ny  SOTIKR  AND  DAVIS. 

Squier  and  Davis  in  their  classification  of  the  mounds'"'  rec 
ognize  four  distinct  features  based  upon  position,  form,  structure 
and  contents,  and  in  this  classification  they  distinguish  — 

1'irst  —  "Altar  mounds  which  occur  either  within,  or  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  inclosures ;  which  are  stratified,  and 
contain  altars  of  burnt  clay  or  stone  :  and  which  are  places  of 
sacrifice. 


4  The  school  house  is  near  and  for  years  the  school  hoys  would 
spend  much  time  in  digging  holes  into  the  mound  in  search  of  relics, 
and  some  of  the  most  interesting  specimens  were  secured  hy  these  boys 
as  shown  hy  the  Report  of  Prof.  Putnam  which  will  he  noted  in  this 
monograph. 

'"'"Ancient  Monuments  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  by  Squier  and 
Davis,  page  142. 


Explorations  of  the  lldu'in   Harness  Mound.  11 

Second  —  "Mounds  of  sepulcher,  which  stand  isolated  or  in 
groups  more  or  less  removed  from  the  inclosure,  which  are  not 
stratified ;  which  contain  human  remains ;  and  which  were  the 
burial  places  and  monuments  of  the  dead. 

Third—  "Temple  mounds  which  occur  most  usually  within 
but  sometime  without  the  walls  of  the  enclosure ;  which  possess 
great  regularity  of  form  ;  which  contain  neither  altars  nor  human 
bones ;  and  which  are  'high  places'  for  the  performance  of  reli 
gious  rites  and  ceremonies,  the  site  of  structure,  or  in  some  con 
nected  with  the  superstitions  of  the  builders. 

Fonrtli  —  •  "Anomalous  mounds  including  mounds  of  obser 
vation  and  such  as  were  applied  to  a  double  purpose  or  of  which 
the  design  and  objects  are  not  apparent.  This  division  includes 
all  which  do  not  clearly  fall  within  the  three  preceding  classes." 

Squier  and  Davis  have  placed  the  Harness  Mound  in  the 
fourth  class  or  anomalous  mound  group,  basing  its  classification 
upon  its  form  as  being  both  a  sepulchral  and  an  altar  mound, 
and  I  quote  at  some  length  concerning  their  collections  and  finds: 

"Besides  the  mounds  already  described,0  the  purpose  of 
which  seem  pretty  clearly  indicated,  there  are  many  which  will 
admit  of  no  classification.  Some  of  them  possess  features  in 
common  with  all  classes,  and  seem  to  have  been  appropriated  to 
a  double  purpose  ;  while  others,  in  our  present  state  of  knowledge 
concerning  them,  are  entirely  inexplicable. 

"As  these  mounds  differ  individually  from  each  other,  it  is 
of  course  impossible  to  present  anything  like  a  general  view  of 
their  character.  \Ye  can  therefore  only  describe  a  few  of  the 
more  remarkable,  dismissing  the  remainder  with  the  single  obser 
vation  that  their  features  do  not  indicate  any  specific  design, 
and  are  not  sufficiently  distinct  or  uniform  to  justify  or  sustain  a 
classification. 

"( )ne  of  the  most  singular  of  these  mounds,  and  one  which 
best  illustrates  the  remark  that  certain  mounds  were  probably 
made  to  subserve  a  double  purpose,  is  situated  within  a  large  en 
closure  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Scioto  river.  A  plan  and  section 
of  the  mound  are  herewith  presented  (Fig.  3).  It  is  an  irregu- 

0  Squier  and  Davis  "Ancient  Monuments  of  the  Mississippi  Valley," 
page  178. 


12 


is  of  flic  /:</•:>.//;   Harness  MoniuL 


lar  oval  in  form,  and  is  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  long,  ninety 
broad  at  its  larger  end.  and  twenty  feet  in  height.  Fxcavations 
were  made  at  tbe  points  indicated  in  tbe  section.  The  one  to 
wards  the  right  or  smaller  end  of  the  mound  disclosed  an  in- 
closure  of  timber,  eight  feet  square,  and  similar,  in  all  respects, 
to  those  found  in  the  sepulchral  mounds,  except  that,  in  this  in 
stance,  posts  eight  inches  in  diameter  had  been  planted  at  the 
outer  corners,  as  if  to  sustain  the  structure.  These  posts  had 
been  inserted  eighteen  inches  in  the  original  level  or  floor  of  the 
mound.  The  holes  left  bv  their  decav  were  found  filled  with 


V   plan   and   section  of  the    Harness    Mound   niter   Squier  and   Davi 


decomposed  material;  when  this  was  removed,  they  exhibited 
perfect  casts  of  the  timbers.  The  casts  also  of  the  horizontal 
timbers  were  well  retained  in  the  compact  earth,  and  one  of  the 
workmen,  without  much  difficulty,  was  enabled  to  creep  more 
than  half  of  the  way  around  the  enclosure  which  they  had  formed. 
\\~ithin  this  chamber  the  earth  was  as  firm  as  in  any  portion  of 
the  mound.  I'pon  removing  a  portion,  a  skeleton  partly  burned 
was  found,  and  with  it  a  thin  copper  plate  seven  inches  long  and 
four  broad,  perforated  with  two  small  holes  ;  also  a  large  pipe 
of  bold  outline,  carved  from  a  dark  compact  porphyry  (  Fig.  4). 
The  bones  seemed  to  have  been  enveloped  in  a  species  of  matting, 
which  was  too  much  destroved  to  be  distinctlv  made  out.  The 


Explorations  of  the  Edzuin  Harness  Mound.  13 

floor  of  the  mound,  it  should  he  mentioned,  as  far  as  explored, 
was  composed  of  clay,  was  perfectly  level,  and  had  heen  hurned 
to  considerahle  hardness. 

"The  second  excavation  (  l>)  was  made  in  the  larger  end  of 
the  mound,  somewhat  to  one  side  of  the  centre,  at  a  spot  marked 
by  a  depression  in  the  surface.  At  the  depth  of  twenty  feet  was 
found  an  altar  of  clay  of  exceeding  symmetry.  This  was  sunk, 
as  shown  in  the  section,  in  the  general  level  or  floor  of  the  mound, 
and  had  heen  surrounded  by  an  enclosure  in  all  respects  similar 
to  the  one  above  described,  except  that  the  timbers  had  been 
less  in  size.  A  fine  carbonaceous  deposit,  resembling  burned 
leaves,  was  found  within  the  altar.  Amongst  the  decayed  mate 
rials  of  the  surrounding  enclosure  were  found  several  skewers, 
if  we  rnav  so  term  them,  in  lack  of  a  better  name,  made  of  the 


FIG.    4  —  Pipe    from    the    Harness    Mound,    after    Squier    and    Davis. 

bones  ( ulna )  of  the  deer.  They  were  finely  tapered  to  a  point, 
and  had  evidentlv  been  originally  highly  polished.  Some  were 
not  less  than  nine  or  ten  inches  long.  Though  apparently  sound, 
they  were  found  to  be  exceedingly  brittle,  retaining  little  if  any 
of  their  animal  matter.  Drifts  were  carried  in  the  course  shown 
in  the  section,  and  the  evidences  of  another  enclosure  discovered. 
The  excavation  was  suspended  at  this  point,  in  consequence  of 
heavy  and  continued  rains.  The  holes  soon  became  filled  by  the 
caving  in  of  the  loose  earth  near  the  surface  ;  which  discouraging 
circumstance,  joined  to  the  extreme  difficulty  of  digging,"  pre- 


7  The  difficulty  of  carrying  on  investigations  in  the  large  mounds 
cannot  he  appreciated.  The  earth  is  always  so  compact  as  to  require, 
literally,  to  he  cut  out.  Tt  lias  then  to  he  raised  to  the  surface, —  a 


14  Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 

vented  a  resumption  of  the  investigation.  It  is  very  certain  that 
another,  perhaps  several  other  chambers  are  concealed  by  this 
mound. 

"The  surface  of  this  mound  was  covered  with  the  layer  of 
pebbles  and  coarse  gravel  already  mentioned  as  characterizing 
the  mounds  of  the  first  class;  but  the  sand  strata  were  absent . 
Around  the  base  had  been  laid,  with  some  degree  of  regularity, 
a  large  quantity  of  flat  stones,  constituting  a  sort  of  wall  for  the 
better  support  of  the  earth.  These  stones  must  have  been  brought 
from  the  hills,  which  are  here  nearly  half  a  mile  distant.  \Yhy 
the  altar  as  well  as  the  skeleton  had  been  enclosed,  and  why  the 
Moor  of  the  mound  had  been  carefully  leveled,  cast  over  with  clay, 
and  then  hardened  by  fire,  which  will  probably  remain  unan 
swered  and  unexplained  unless  future  investigations  serve  further 
to  elucidate  the  mystery  of  the  mounds.  At  any  rate,  this  singular 
mound  can  prove  no  greater  puzzle  to  the  reader  than  it  has  to 
the  authors  of  these  inquiries." 

EXPLORATIONS    OF    PROFESSOR    PUTNAM. 

In  1885  Professor  F.  W.  Putnam,  of  Harvard  University, 
examined  a  portion  of  the  mound  by  beginning  a  trench  at  the 
north  end  and  extending  it  with  a  varying  width,  averaging  about 
18  feet  at  the  to])  with  a  gradual  slope  to  the  bottom.  The  trench 
extended  into  the  mound  about  one-third  of  its  length. 

I  quote  at  some  length  from  Professor  Putnam's  Report," 
as  he  includes  an  examination  of  several  small  mounds  outside 
of  the  great  earthworks  and  proves  by  the  contents  of  the  smaller 
that  the  builders  belong  to  the  peoples  who  constructed  the  large 
mound. 

"Squier  and  Davis  represent  five  small  mounds  inside  the 
great  square  of  twenty-seven  acres.  These  have  been  leveled  by 
cultivation,  but  \ve  could  trace  the  outlines  of  three  at  least,  one 


task  of  great  labor,  and  only  accomplished  by  leaving  stages  in  the 
descent  and  throwing  the  earth  from  one  to  the  other,  and  finally  to 
the  surface.  Four  industrious  men  were  employed  not  less  than  ten 
or  twelve  days  in  making  the  excavations  in  this  mound  alone. 

s  Eighteenth   and    Nineteenth    Annual    Reports   of   the    Peabody   Mu 
seum,  Vol.  3. 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  15 

of  which  we  thoroughly  examined,  and  found  that  it  had  been  ,i 
simple  mound  of  earth  thrown  up  inside  of  one  of  the  'gateways' 
of  the  square.  Three  mounds,  one  twice  the  size  of  the  others, 
are  represented  on  the  plan  as  just  outside  one  of  the  'gateways' 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  great  circle  of  forty  acres'  area.  All 
three  have  been  much  reduced  in  height  by  ploughing  over  them, 
but  probably  only  the  superficial  portions  have  been  disturbed. 
These  three  mounds  we  examined  with  care,  and  found  that  the 
small  one  to  the  westward  contained  only  a  small  bed  of  ashes. 
The  other  two  proved  to  be  burial  mounds  of  considerable  in 
terest.  The  human  bones  were  much  decaved.  \Ye  found  in 
these  mounds  various  objects  made  of  copper,  stone,  shell  and 
mica,  of  the  same  character  as  those  found  in  the  large  one  of 
the  group,  consisting  of  copper  plates,  spool-shaped  ear  orna 
ments,  a  crescent-shaped  ornament  cut  out  of  slate,  another  sma'l 
stone  ornament,  a  few  large  beads  covered  with  copper,  and  a 
smaller  one,  covered  with  silver  over  the  copper,  shell  beads  and 
numerous  other  small  articles. 

"Another  mound  in  the  corn  field,  north  of  the  three  above 
mentioned,  was  also  dug  over  completely. 

"In  this  we  found  a  large  bed  of  ashes  and  charcoal  about  at 
the  level  of  the  natural  surface  upon  which  the  mound  was  made. 
This  ash  bed  covered  nearlv  the  whole  area  occupied  by  the 
mound,  and  in  it  we  found  many  fragments  of  pottery  and  cut 
pieces  of  mica,  some  of  which  were  circular.  A  lar^e  piece  of 
grass  matting  and  a  mass  of  burnt  seeds,  nuts  and  acorns,  were 
found  in  the  bed  of  ashes.  In  one  place  the  charcoal  matting- 
was  in  several  layers,  making  a  thickness  of  an  inch  or  more. 
Xear  the  centre  of  the  mound,  extending  to  the  south,  was  a 
long,  narrow  pit,  about  nine  by  two  feet,  which  was  a  foot  in 
depth.  At  the  bottom  of  this  pit  were  burnt  stones,  and  over 
them  ashes  and  charcoal,  fragments  of  pottery  and  a  few  burnt 
bones. 

"Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  several  mounds  connected  with 
the  extensive  earthwork  were  erected  for  different  purposes  and 
vary  considerable  in  their  structure. 

"Xear  the  eastern  corner  of  the  part  of  the  earthwork  which 
we  have  called  the  'great  square,'  and  within  the  line  of  the  cir- 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  17 

cular  embankment  forming  the  'great  circle/  stands  the  largest 
mound  of  the  group,  which  is  known  as  the  'Edwin  Harness 
Mound.'  This  mound  proved  to  be  of  great  interest,  and  un 
like  any  other  mound  which  we  have  explored.  It  is  160  feet 
long,  from  80  to  90  feet  wide  and  from  13  to  18  feet  high  along 
the  central  portion,  which  rises  gradually  from  the  southern  to 
the  northern  part.  Up  to  this  time  we  have  made  a  thorough 
exploration  of  about  one-quarter  of  the  mound,  and  have  ascer 
tained  that  it  is  a  burial  mound  of  a  remarkable  character,  in 
the  northern  portion,  forty  feet  from  the  center,  we  discovered 
the  first  of  the  burial  chambers,  of  which  we  found  a  dozen  in 
all.  These  chambers  were  made  by  placing  logs,  from  five  to  six 
inches  in  diameter,  on  the  clay  which  forms  the  lowest  layer  of 
the  mound,  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  enclosures  six  to  seven  feet 
in  length,  and  from  two  to  three  in  width,  and  about  a  foot  in 
height.  In  these  the  bodies  were  placed,  evidently  wrapped  in 
garments,  as  indicated  by  the  charred  cloth  and  mats  found  in 
several  of  the  chambers.  With  the  bodies  were  buried  various 
objects,  such  as  copper  plates,  ear-rings,  shell  beads,  and,  in  one 
instance,  long  knives  chipped  from  flint.  In  two  instances,  the 
skeletons  were  found  extended  at  full  length  within  the  cham 
bers,  the  outlines  of  which  could  be  traced  by  the  imprint  of  the 
logs  in  the  clay,  the  logs  themselves  having  decayed,  leaving  only 
a  dark  dust.  ( )n  the  breast  of  one  of  the  skeletons  was  a  thin 
copper  plate  or  ornament.  The  chemical  action  of  the  copper  had 
preserved  the  texture  of  the  finely  woven  cloth  lying  between  the 
plate  and  the  bones  of  the  chest.  In  other  chambers,  the  bodies 
had  been  burned  on  the  spot,  as  conclusively  shown  by  the  rela 
tive  positions  of  the  bones,  and  the  fact  that,  in  two  instances, 
portions  of  the  body  had  fallen  outside  of  the  fire  and  escaped 
burning.  !t  became  evident,  as  our  explorations  progressed,  that 
these  chambers  were  covered  by  little  mounds  of  gravel  and  clay, 
and  that,  in  those  where  the  burning  had  taken  place,  the  cov 
erings  of  earth  were  placed  in  position  before  the  bodies  were 
consumed,  shown  by  the  small  amount  of  ashes  and  the  reduction 
of  the  logs  to  charcoal  in  their  position  on  the  clay  floor  of  the 
chamber,  which  was  burned  to  a  thickness  varying  with  the 
amount  of  heat.  It  is  probable  that  the  burials  and  cremations 
2 


18  I-'.rplomtions  of  the  lidwin   Harness  Mound. 

did  not  occur  at  one  time,  and  that,  after  all  these  mounds  had 
hecu  made,  earth  was  brought  from  various  surrounding  places 
and  heaped  over  all.  Then  the  mound  was  finished  with  a  cover 
ing  of  gravel  and  a  low  border  of  loose  stones  was  placed  around 
its  base. 

"It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  Squier  and  Davis,  in  1840.  dug 
two  pits  in  this  mound.  At  the  bottom  of  their  pit  A.  which  was 
just  south  of  the  center  of  the  mound,  they  opened  one  of  the 
burial  chambers,  and  they  state  that  the  skeleton  in  it  was  partly 
burned,  that  it  was  enclosed  in  a  framework  of  logs,  and  that 
with  it  were  a  copper  plate  and  a  pipe  carved  out  of  stone.  They 
remark  that  the  body  seemed  to  have  been  enveloped  in  matting. 
Their  pit  1>,  about  twenty  feet  northwest  of  the  centre,  and  there 
they  came  to  another  burnt  skeleton,  as  shown  bv  their  explora 
tion,  although,  deceived  by  the  imperfect  examination  which  the 
caving  of  the  pit  compelled  them  to  make,  they  thought  they 
had  found  an  'altar,'  and  mention  the  burnt  burial  chamber  as 
such.  They  state  that  they  found  at  this  point  several  imple 
ments  made  of  bone.  At  the  side  of  their  excavation  we  took 
out  about  half  a  dozen  pointed  implements  made  from  the  leg 
bones  of  deer.  Several  months  before  our  work  was  begun,  as 
already  referred  to,  the  school  boys,  under  the  lead  of  Mr.  Wil 
son,  dug  two  pits  in  the  mound,  one  of  which  was  between  those 
made  by  Squier  and  Davis  over  forty  years  ago,  and  the  other 
at  the  side  of  Squier  and  Davis'  pit  B.  In  each  of  these  many 
remarkable  objects  were  found.  So  far  as  'relics'  are  concerned, 
the  boys  made  a  lucky  hit  and  took  out  more  objects  from  one 
of  their  pits  than  were  found  in  all  our  explorations.  The  larger 
part  of  these  we  have  been  able  to  secure  from  the  boys,  and 
from  Mr.  Daniel  R.  Harness,  who  very  kindly  gave  to  the  Pea- 
body  Museum  all  that  he  had  purchased  from  the  boys  at  the 
time,  realizing  that  they  would  be  of  more  importance  and  value 
to  science  if  placed  in  the  museum  with  other  objects  from  the 
mound,  than  if  held  in  private  hands  as  mere  curiosities.  Among 
the  specimens  thus  obtained  were  two  copper  celts  and  three  or 
four  copper  plates,  also  several  copper  ear  ornaments,  some  of 
which  were  covered  with  meteoric  iron  in  the  same  way  as  those 
from  the  Turner  Mounds  in  the  Little  Miami  Vallev,  and  a  celt 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  19 

made  of  meteoric  iron.  Thus  we  have  an  important  link,  con 
necting  the  people  who  built  this  great  mound  and  the  earth 
works  about  it  in  the  Scioto  \ 'alley,  with  the  builders  of  the  sin 
gular  group  on  the  Turner  farm,  in  the  Little  Miami  Valley. 

"lUirnt  human,  animal  and  bird  bones;  shells  of  different 
kinds,  some  of  them  perforated;  cores  and  chipped  points  of 
Hint ;  ornaments  made  of  stone ;  hammer-stone  and  discoidal 
stone;  beads  of  pearl,  bone  and  shell;  canine  teeth  of  large  bears, 
some  of  them  perforated;  teeth  of  deer  and  a  shark's  tooth;  orna 
ments  made  of  copper ;  ear  ornaments  of  copper,  a  few  covered 
with  a  thin  layer  of  silver  and  others  with  meteoric  iron  ;  small 
hemispheres  of  stone  and  of  pottery,  covered  with  silver,  copper 
and  meteoric  iron;  fragments  of  silver  ornaments;  a  celt  of  mete 
oric  iron  and  one  of  copper;  ornaments  and  fragments  of  mica; 
portions  of  a  pipe  carved  out  of  stone ;  a  large  mass  of  galena  ; 
cloth,  seeds,  nuts,  corn  and  grass,  all  charred;  fragments  of  mat 
ting  partly  burnt;  balls  of  clay;  fragments  of  pottery;  bone  han 
dles,  awl  points  and  other  implements  of  bone ;  braided  grass ; 
charcoal,  ashes  and  burnt  clay,  some  of  the  latter  still  bearing  the 
impress  of  logs  of  wood;  portions  of  burnt  and  unburnt  human 
skeletons  ;  all  from  the  mounds  belonging  to  the  Liberty  group 
on  the  land  of  Edwin  Harness,  Esq.,  in  Liberty  Township,  Ross 
County,  Ohio." 

KXI'LORATIOXS    OF    1'ROFFSSOR    MOOREI1 KAI). 

In  i8(/)  1'rofessor  Warren  K.  Moorehead,  under  the  aus 
pices  of  the  (  )hio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society,  ex 
amined  the  south  part  of  the  mound,  beginning  where  Professor 
Putnam  left  off.  His  examinations  were  for  the  most  part  car 
ried  on  by  means  of  tunnels,  and  I  quote  from  his  report  :n 

"Our  work  upon  the  mound  was  begun  July  22d  and 
ended  the  evening  of  August  Qth.  We  first  cleaned  out  the  end 
of  the  trench  abandoned  by  Professor  Putnam,  and  measuring 
the  mound  thence  to  its  end,  ascertained  the  distance  to  be  about 
eighty  feet,  at  least  sixty  feet  of  which  should  be  excavated.  We 

"  Publications  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  So 
ciety,  Volume  5. 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  21 

started  in  with  a  trench  some  thirty  feet  in  width,  being  a  little 
wider  than  the  excavation  he  had  conducted.  We  had  proceeded 
twelve  or  fifteen  feet  when  we  ascertained  that  burials  followed 
each  other  pretty  much  the  same  distance  apart  on  either  side  of 
the  mound,  and  that  there  were  few  burials  in  the  main  or  central 
portion.  Most  of  the  burials  in  these  rows  occupied  little  domes 
or  pits,  varying  from  three  to  five  feet  in  diameter  and  three  to 
five  feet  in  height. 

"We  decided  to  explore  the  mound  by  means  of  tunnels, 
which  should  follow  the  lines  of  the  burial,  and,  at  short  distances, 
to  run  side  branches  from  the  main  tunnels  toward  the  center, 
and,  if  necessary,  toward  the  edges  of  the  mound.  As  the  work 
proceeded  the  scheme  was  found  to  be  practical,  and  the  whole 
base  of  the  mound  was  thoroughly  covered  at  much  less  expense 
than  would  have  resulted  had  we  attempted  to  remove  the  entire 
structure.  The  total  length  of  tunnels  and  branches  was  253 
feet,  the  main  tunnels  98  feet,  the  branches  155  feet.  It  occupied 
the  time  of  from  four  to  five  men  continuously  for  sixteen  days. 
They  were  five  feet  wide  at  the  base  and  about  four  and  one- 
half  feet  high. 

"In  the  end  of  the  mound  opened  by  Professor  Putnam  a 
number  of  entire  skeletons  were  found,  accompanied  by  various 
objects.  In  the  end  which  we  explored  were  a  total  of  twenty- 
seven  interments,  but  two  of  which  were  uncremated  skeletons, 
a  child  and  an  adult.  All  the  others  were  more  or  less  burnt. 
In  Fig.  XVII  all  skeletons  with  which  relics  were  found  are 
numbered,  and  the  brief  description  accompanying  the  illustra 
tion  will  acquaint  readers  with  the  find.  Skeletons  Nos.  4  and  5 
had  some  of  the  copper  objects  with  them.  No.  10  had  the  best 
copper  plate.  Eight  of  the  bodies  had  objects  buried  with  them. 
Every  one  of  these  skeletons  had  been  cremated,  and  even  some 
of  the  beads  and  copper  showed  marks  of  fire.  The  total  inter 
ments  in  the  mound  numbered  27. 

"Nearly  all  of  the  skeletons  were  on  little  raised  platforms 
of  burnt  earth,  varying  in  height  from  four  to  ten  inches.  The 
platforms  were  usually  about  two  by  three  feet.  Such  relics  as 
accompanied  the  remains  w^ere  placed  in  no  special  order  and 
many  of  them  were  partly  burnt  up.  The  looseness  of  the  earth 


22  F..vpl(>rati(»is  of  tlic  /:</'a'///   Harness  Mound. 

above  the  skeletons,  or  the  little  domes  to  which  we  have  referred, 
is  probably  due  to  small  structures  of  poles  having  been  built 
about  the  remains.  The  supports  remained  in  position  sufficiently 
long  for  the  earth  to  become  somewhat  packed,  and  after  their 
decay  just  enough  earth  fell  upon  the  remains  to  cover  them 
loosely.  Frequently  there  was  a  space  of  about  a  toot  between 
the  top  of  the  dome  and  the  loose  earth  below.  The  good  cop 
per  plate  found  in  Xo.  10  is  nine  indies  long  and  rive  indies  wide. 
It  had  two  small  perforations.  With  Xo.  5  was  a  burnt  plate, 
three-fourths  of  which  we  took  out  entire,  beads  and  bear 
tusks,  etc. 

"The  skeleton  uncremated   (and  placed  by  itself)    was  found 
as  indicated  by   Xo.    12  in    Fig.   XVII.      These  individual   inter 
ments,  at  a  distance  or  isolated  from  the  other  burials,  are  often 
observed  in  the  large  mounds  of  the  Sciolo. 

"In   the   heavy   laver  of   charcoal  and   carbonized   wood   ac 
companying   skeletons    Xos.   /    and   3,   were   fragments   of   cloth. 
which  we  preserved  in  order  that  the  texture  and  manner  of  \veav 
ing  might  be  carefully  studied." 

KIXAL    EXPLORATIONS. 

On  the  1 4th  of  August,  1903,  I  commenced  the  final  explo 
rations  of  the  mound,  by  exposing  to  view  from  time  to  time  as 
the  work  progressed,  the  entire  site  of  the  mound,  recording  and 
photographing  the  burials  and  other  important  features  of  the 
mound. 

The  mound  at  the  time  work  was  begun,  was  covered  with 
a  dense  tangle  of  underbrush  and  trees  (See  Frontispiece).  A 
deep  cut  beginning  at  the  north  end  of  the  mound  extended  almost 
to  the  center,  while  dug  holes  extending  down  to  the  tunnels 
below  made  the  place  verv  unsightly,  and  to  sav  the  least,  not  verv 
promising  of  results. 

After  the  underbrush  and  trees  were  removed  the  surface 
of  the  mound  was  examined  and  measured.  The  results  of  the 
measurements  are  as  follows:  Length  of  mound,  ino  feet;  width 
of  mound,  at  the  north  end,  85  feet;  at  the  south  end,  70  feel. 
with  a  height  of  i6f  feet  at  the  north  end,  which  gradually  tap- 


24  Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 

ered  to  uj  at  the  south  end,  the  mound  containing  approxi 
mately  4.700  cubic  yards  of  earth. 

The  mound  for  the  most  part  was  constructed  of  loam  or 
surface  soil,  secured  in  close  proximity  to  the  mound,  however, 
a  hard,  compact  clay,  overlying  the  gravel,  and  which  clay  is 
found  to  a  depth  averaging  from  3  to  4.!  feet,  and  which  was 
used  in  constructing  nearly  all  the  well  prepared  graves,  which 
latter  will  be  described  at  some  length  later  on,  was  also  used. 

The  clay  used  in  covering  the  graves  would  average  in  thick 
ness  from  a  few  inches  to  fourteen  inches  and  was  secured  from 
deep  holes  which  are  quite  noticeable  a  few  hundred  feet  east  and 
north  of  the  mound. 

The  flat  stones  described  by  Squier  and  Davis  as  placed  upon 
the  sides  of  the  mound  were  found  at  three  different  points  upon 
the  mound.  At  the  west  end  of  the  mound  stones  were  found  ex 
tending  up  the  side  of  the  mound  to  the  height  of  about  six  feet. 
These  stones  consisted  of  slabs  of  sanstone  averaging  in  length 
from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet,  and  in  thickness  from  one  to 
four  inches.  These  had  been  laid  with  some  degree  of  regularity 
and  placed  upon  the  mound  in  the  form  of  a  circle  forty  feet  in 
diameter,  the  highest  point  being  near  the  center  of  the  mound, 
and  then  gradually  tapering  toward  each  end.  On  the  east  side, 
two  of  these  circles  were  present,  one  near  each  end  of  the  mound. 
The  stones  on  the  east  side  were  different  in  size,  none  of  them 
being  large,  and  all  less  than  a  foot  in  length,  averaging  in  thick 
ness  from  one-half  to  one  inch.  The  greater  number  of  these 
flat  stones  showed  use  as  a  digging  implement,  and  were  no  doubt 
employed  in  digging  the  soil  used  in  the  preparation  of  the  graves 
and  the  building  of  the  mound. 

SPECIAL    FEATURES    OF    THE    INTERIOR    OF    THE    MOUND. 

Many  interesting  features  were  brought  to  light  in  the  ex 
amination  of  the  mound. 

First.  The  object  of  the  mound  was  for  burial  purposes 
only. 

Second.  The  site  of  the  mound  was  an  enclosure  consisting 
of  large  posts  placed  in  the  ground  to  the  depth  of  two  and  one- 


Explorations  of  the  Edzvin  Harness  Mound.  25 

half  to  three  feet,  as  evidenced  by  the  post  molds  ;  the  posts  hav 
ing  been  burned  off  to  the  surface  of  the  ground  when  the  char- 
nel  house  was  filled  and  ready  for  the  mound  to  be  heaped 
over  all. 

Third.  All  the  burials  in  the  mound  had  graves  carefully 
prepared  for  the  reception  of  the  dead. 

Fourth.  The  burials  were  of  two  kinds,  cremated  and  un- 
cremated. 

Fifth.  The  cremation  for  the  most  part  took  place  away 
from  the  grave  and  the  ashes  and  charred  bones  of  the  deceased 
were  gathered  together  and  placed  in  the  prepared  grave,  though 
a  few  bodies  were  evidently  cremated  at  the  grave. 

Sixth.  A  final  ceremony  was  performed  when  the  cremated 
dead  were  placed  in  the  grave.  The  uncremated  dead  were  placed 
in  graves  similar  to  those  for  the  cremated. 

Seventh.  The  builders  of  this  mound  were  representatives 
of  the  highest  culture  of  the  aboriginal  man  found  in  Ohio. 

1  shall  attempt  in  the  following  pages  to  discuss  all  the 
special  features  of  the  mound,  including  a  detailed  account  of 
the  artifacts  taken  from  the  graves. 

THE    OBJECT    OF    THE    MOUND. 

Squier  and  Davis  in  their  discussion  of  this  mound,  previ 
ously  referred  to,  describe  it  as  an  anomalous  mound,  namely, 
that  it  was  used  for  a  double  purpose  and  describe  that  double 
purpose  as  a  sepulcher  and  altar  mound.  In  my  examination  of 
the  mound  I  was  fortunate  in  finding  the  shaft  T>  which  Squier 
and  Davis  describe  and  figure,  and  is  reproduced  in  Fig.  3  of 
this  article. 

Professor  Putnam  states  that  he  took  from  the  side  of  the 
excavations  half  a  dozen  of  the  large  bone  implements  made  from 
the  leg  of  the  deer.  These  were  described  by  Squier  and  Davis 
as  the  "skewers"  found  in  the  altar  enclosure. 

T  cleaned  out  the  shaft  made  by  Squier  and  Davis  and  found 
the  grave  described  as  an  altar,  but  it  was  similar  in  every  re 
spect  to  the  hundred  or  more  other  graves  found  in  the  same 
mound.  The  charred  remains  of  the  cremated  dead  were  re 
maining  in  the  grave,  but  had  been  greatlv  disturbed,  and  four 


26  Explorations  of  flic  l-ld-i^in   Harness  Mound. 

more  of  the  large  bone  implements,  one  large  perforated  canine 
of  the  bear  and  two  copper  ear  ornaments  were  left  in  the  grave. 

(  )ne  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  this  grave  was  the 
finding  of  a  large  number  of  bone  implements  stuck  in  the  clay 
layer  which  immediately  covered  the  grave.  All  of  these  imple 
ments  were  so  placed  as  to  point  toward  the  center  of  the  grave, 
and  twenty-six  were  taken  out  in  a  perfect  condition,  while  in 
numerable  pieces  of  these  implements  were  found  in  the  loose 
dirt  which  had  been  handled  by  Prof.  Putnam,  so  there  is  no  way 
of  telling  how  many  of  these  artifacts  were  placed  with  this 
burial,  and  was  the  onlv  instance  in  which  the  large  bone  imple 
ments,  made  from  the  metapodiale  bone  of  the  deer  and  elk,  were 
found  in  the  entire  mound. 

One  of  the  conditions,  according  to  Squier  and  Davis,  char 
acterizing  the  altar  or  sacrificial  mound  is  a  stratification  of  the 
different  soils,  but  this  condition  occurs  practically  in  all  mounds, 
and  this  change  in  the  earth  was  easily  discerned  whenever  the 
sides  of  the  mound  were  sufficiently  exposed.  This  stratification 
was  caused  by  a  variation  in  the  soil  as  it  was  taken  from  its 
original  bed  and  placed  upon  the  mound.  When  the  gravel,  or  in 
some  cases  sand,  was  encountered  it  was  placed  over  the  mound, 
and  at  various  places  in  this  mound  the  gravel  was  several  inches 
thick  and  seriously  annoyed  the  workmen. 

At  the  Seip  Mound,  on  Paint  Creek,  a  layer  of  gravel,  in 
some  places  thirty  inches  in  thickness,  was  encountered,  so  that 
1  fear  it  would  be  impossible  to  characterize  a  mound  as  being 
stratified  to  signify  a  certain  definite  type,  for  all  mounds  show 
different  layers  caused  by  a  difference  in  the  soil. 

It  seems  probable  that  Squier  and  Davis  imagined  that  in  the 
two  burials,  or  as  they  characterized  them,  a  burial  and  an  altar, 
they  had  secured  about  all  the  great  mound  revealed,  though 
they  said,  "It  is  very  certain  that  another,  perhaps  several  other 
chambers,  are  concealed  by  this  mound." 

Professor  Putnam  in  his  investigations  removed  twelve 
burials,  two  of  which  were  uncremated  and  ten  cremated. 

Professor  Moorehead  secured  twenty-seven  burials,  of  which 
twenty-five  were  cremated  and  two  uncremated,  and  our  present 
investigation  secured  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  burials.  Five 


28  l:.\-f>lomtions  of  tJic  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 

were  uncremated  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  cremated, 
which  shows  a  total  taken  from  this  mound  of  ten  uncremated 
and  one  hundred  and  sixty-four  cremated,  still  it  is  known  that 
quite  a  nuniher  were  destroyed  by  the  school  children  in  their 
search  for  relics,  as  Professor  Putnam  states  that  the  school  chil 
dren  secured  more  relics  from  one  pit  than  he  secured  in  all  their 
explorations,  hence  it  is  safe  to  say  that  at  least  ten  graves 
were  destroyed  in  this  way.  Therefore  it  seems  to  me  that  this 
mound  must  he  considered  purely  as  a  burial  mound  ;  that  no 
altars  occurred  in  the  mound ;  that  all  burials  had  prepared 
graves ;  that  for  the  most  part  cremation  took  place  at  the  charnel 
house  where  eight  great  fire  places  were  four:!,  which  were  per 
fectly  devoid  of  ashes  except  in  one,  where  a  small  charred  piece 
of  human  skull  was  found,  thus  indicating  that  these  fire  places 
were  used  for  the  crematory.  After  the  cremation  took  place 
the  ashes  and  charred  bones  were  gathered  together  and  placed 
in  a  grave  near  by.  In  a  number  of  instances  the  cremation  took 
place  at  the  grave.  These  are  all  characterized  by  finding  por 
tions  of  the  unburnt  skeleton  intact.  The  uncremated  were  placed 
in  regular  order  with  the  cremated,  and  in  no  instance  were  two 
uncremated  burials  side  and  side,  but  were  invariably  followed 
by  a  cremated  burial. 

CHARNEL    IIOL'SK. 

The  site  of  the  great  mound  had  been  properly  prepared  and 
its  beginning  was  at  the  south  end  of  the  mound,  marked  In- 
large  posts  set  in  the  ground  at  a  depth  varying  from  two  and 
one-half  to  three  feet.  The  south  end  of  the  enclosure  was  made 
in  the  form  of  a  semicircle,  and  the  sides  continuing  in  a  straight 
line  north  for  sixty  feet,  when  the  line  of  posts  was  turned  at 
right  angles  to  the  east  wall  and  running  across  toward  the  west 
side,  where  an  opening  was  left  for  an  entrance.  This  enclosure 
of  sixty  feet  in  length  measuring,  from  the  center  of  the  circle 
on  the  south  to  the  row  of  posts  running  across  the  mound  at 
right  angles  to  the  outside  walls,  forty  feet  in  width  at  the  north 
end,  was  no  doubt  the  first  structure  or  enclosure  for  the  recep 
tion  of  the  dead. 

The  second  enclosure  was  merely  a  continuation  of  the  out- 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  29 

side  walls  of  the  first,  extending  some  seventy  feet  directly  to  the 
north,  when  another  wall  at  right  angles  to  the  east  wall  was 
run  directly  to  the  west,  and  similar  in  every  respect  to  the  open 
ing  at  the  south  part  of  the  mound  ;  however,  the  posts  were  not 
in  a  straight  line  in  the  north  section  of  the  mound,  and  the  inside 
of  the  mound  at  the  north  end  measured  fifty-one  feet.  It  is  im 
possible  to  tell  whether  the  two  enclosures  were  built  at  the  same 
time  or  not,  but  I  am  inclined  to  believe  from  a  careful  observa 
tion,  that  the  portion  to  the  north  was  not  constructed  until  the 
south  portion  had  been  filled  with  the  dead,  though  I  feel  assured 
that  the  south  portion  was  not  completed,  and  a  mound  heaped 
over  it  until  the  north  portion  had  been  also  filled  and  the  entire 
site  was  ready  for  the  building  of  the  great  monument. 

( )n  the  interior  of  the  mound  at  irregular  points  large  post 
molds  were  found,  and  in  the  north  section  of  the  mound  one  of 
these  posts  extended  above  the  floor  of  the  mound  a  few  inches 
more  than  ten  feet,  indicating  that  perhaps  other  posts,  as  evi 
denced  by  the  post  mold,  extended  above  the  graves,  and  there 
fore  might  have  supported  a  covering  or  roof  for  the  charnel 
house. 

I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  such  a  roof  existed,  although  no 
definite  proofs  of  such  a  roof,  other  than  the  uprights  to  support 
it,  were  found  in  the  mound.  The  posts  forming  the  outer  row 
varied  in  size  from  six  to  ten  inches,  however,  a  very  great  num 
ber  of  the  upright  supports  consisted  of  a  combination  of  smaller 
posts  placed  together,  and  this  was  evidenced  by  the  post  molds 
showing  a  number  of  smaller  posts  placed  together.  In  a  num 
ber  of  instances  these  posts  had  been  split,  and  in  several  cases 
posts  seven  inches  in  diameter  were  split  and  used  for  support. 
After  the  posts  were  placed  in  position  the  base  of  the  mound 
was  carefully  prepared  by  the  formation  of  a  clay  floor  which 
gave  great  evidence  of  having  been  puddled  before  being  placed 
in  position.  This  clay  floor  extended  from  a  few  to  fifteen  inches 
beyond  the  posts  on  the  outside  of  the  enclosure.  After  the  floor 
had  been  carefully  prepared  there  was  placed  over  it  a  layer  of 
fine  sand,  varying  in  thickness  from  one-half  to  three  quarters 
of  an  inch,  and  so  compact  was  this  sand  at  the  time  of  our  ex 
amination  that  where  it  was  the  thickest  it  could  be  taken  out  in 


30  Explorations  of  tJic  P.d-^'in   Harness  Mound. 

large  slabs.  The  clay  floor  \vas  also  dug  up  by  us  and  examined 
from  one  end  of  the  mound  to  the  other.  This  Moor  varied  in 
thickness.  In  some  places  it  \vas  onlv  three  or  four  inches  in 
thickness,  in  other  places  from  ten  to  twelve.  This,  like  the  sand 
layer,  could  be  taken  out  at  the  time  of  examination  in  greai 
blocks,  as  the  original  surface  of  the  site  was  covered  with  ashes 
and  charcoal  which  readily  separated  the  clay  floor  from  the 
original  surface,  and  showed  that  the  site  had  been  care  full  v 
cleaned  of  all  debris  by  burning.  Nowhere  were  there  evidences 
of  any  prolonged  fire  on  the  original  surface,  rather  only  the 
burning  of  small  limbs  as  was  evidenced  by  the  charcoal  remains. 
After  the  charnel  house  was  filled  with  the  dead,  the  final  prepa 
ration  for  the  erection  of  the  mound  was  completed  by  burning 
off  the  superstructure  and  exposing  to  view  the  graves  as  they 
had  from  time  to  time  been  made. 

\Ye  know  that  the  graves  were  covered  before  the  super 
structure  was  destroyed  as  the  covering  of  many  of  them,  which 
were  placed  near  the  outer  row  of  posts,  extended  around  these 
posts,  and  when  the  superstructure  was  burned  the  charred  re 
mains  of  the  top  of  the  posts  were  three  and  four  inches  and 
sometimes  more,  above  the  other  posts  which  were  not  so  covered. 
The  charred  tops  of  the  posts  were  alwavs  present,  these  were 
never  destroyed,  but  the  portions  of  the  posts  that  extended  into 
the  base  below  had  entirely  rotted  away,  leaving  the  exact  mold 
of  the  post.  Yerv  frequently  these  molds  would  contain  broken 
animal  bones,  mussel  shells  and  occasionally  a  piece  of  mica,  but 
we  have  never  been  able  to  find,  in  the  great  number  of  molds 
examined,  any  implements  or  ornaments. 

BURIALS. 

All  the  burials,  whether  cremated  or  uncremated,  were  placed 
in  a  prepared  grave  and  great  care  and  some  degree  of  skill  was 
displayed  in  their  construction.  The  graves  of  the  cremated  were 
similar  to  each  other  so  far  as  the  outside  construction  was  con 
cerned,  but  unlike  in  the  general  make  up  of  the  inside  of  the 
grave.  Out  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  graves  unearthed, 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  31 

four  different  types'"  were  found,  and  these  were  many  times 
duplicated  during  the  explorations. 

First.  The  plain  elevated  platform  made  of  clay  and  usu 
ally  elevated  from  three  to  six  inches  above  the  prepared  plat 
form.  In  a  number  of  graves  this  clay  had  the  appearance  of 
being  puddled  and  then  used  in  constructing  the  platform,  while 
in  other  cases  the  clay  did  not  have  that  appearance,  but  seemed 
to  have  been  used  in  making  the  platform  in  the  dry  state.  This 
plain  elevated  platform  grave  was  invariably  higher  at  the  center, 
gradually  sloping  to  the  sides  and  ends  where  small  logs,  aver 
aging  in  diameter  from  three  to  six  inches  had  been  placed,  usu 
ally  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  but  often  very  nearly  in  a 
square.  These  plain  platforms  averaged  in  length  about  four 
feet  and  in  width  two  and  one-half  to  three  feet.  The  logs  were 
usually  made  the  exact  size  of  the  graves.  In  a  few  instances  they 
extended  over  at  one  end  or  the  other,  and  not  a  single  grave  was 
found  on  the  base  of  this  entire  mound  that  did  not  show  the 
use  of  logs  as  an  outline  for  the  grave.  In  many  instances  the 
logs  were  put  in  place  upon  the  platform  and  plastered  over  with 
this  clay,  and  then  the  inside  of  the  grave  was  made.  Fig.  9  is  a 
good  illustration  of  the  prepared  grave  of  the  plain  platform  type. 

Second.  The  next  type  of  grave  was  similar  to  the  first  and 
apparently  made  in  the  same  way,  with  this  difference:  the  top 
of  the  platform  was  cut  out  and  made  in  the  form  of  a  basin, 
varying  in  depth  at  the  center  from  twro  to  four  inches.  A  good 
illustration  of  this  platform  is  shown  in  Fig.  10. 

Third.  Elliptical  shaped  grave.  In  this  form  of  grave  the 
platform  was  similar  to  the  other  graves,  but  the  timber  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  outside  portion  was  made  of  small  pieces 
of  logs  and  the  clay  plastered  over  them,  forming  a  regular  ellip 
tical  grave.  This  type  is  shown  in  Fig.  n.  This  form  of  grave 


10 'Hie  four  types  of  graves  mentioned  above  were  similar  in  every 
respect  to  tbe  altars  described  by  Squier  and  Davis,  and  T  quote  from 
"Ancient  Monuments  of  tbc  Mississippi  Valley,"  page  143  as  follows. 
"The  altars  or  basins  found  in  these  mounds  are  almost  invariable  of 
burned  clay  though  a  few  of  stone  have  been  discovered. 

They  are  symmetrical  but  not  of  uniform  size  and  shape,  some  are 
round,  others  elliptical  and  others  square  or  parallelogram." 


32 


Explorations  of  the  Edunn  Harness  Mound. 


would  vary  in  depth  from  four  to  eight  inches,  and  required  much 

skill  and  labor  in  its  construction. 

Fourth.  The  grave 
made  in  the  form  of  a 
parallelogram.  T  h  i  s 
form  of  grave  was 
found  in  various  por 
tions  of  the  mound  and 
was  constructed  simi 
lar  in  every  respect  to 
the  other  types,  the 
logs  being  put  in  place 
a  n  d  plastered  over, 
while  the  inside  was 
removed  to  a  depth 
varying  from  four  to 
twelve  inches.  T  h  i  s 
grave  is  best  illus- 


9  —  Typical    platfor: 


Fia 

trated  in  Fig.  12.  which  shows  one  of  the  graves  and  its  contents. 
For  t  h  e  uncremated 
sim  i  1  a  r  1  y  prepared 
platform  graves  in 
closed  by  logs  were 
made,  and  the  body 
was  placed  a  t  full 
length  within  the  in- 
closure.  Fig.  13  is  a 
good  illustration  of 
this  form  of  burial, 
and  represents  the  one 
hundredth  burial  un 
earthed.  All  the  re 
mains  placed  in  the 
graves  d  e  s  c  r  i  b  e  d 
above  were  cremated 
and  uncremated.  The  FlG'  10~A  typical  basi"  shapcd  grave- 

cremated  remains  for  the  most  part  were  brought  to  the  grave, 
the  cremation  of  the  body  taking  place  away  from  the  grave,  and 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


as  previously  stated,  I  have  great  reason  to  believe  that  the  cre 
mation  took  place  at  the  eight  great  fire-places  found  within  the 
charnel  house.  In  only  one  was  there  left  anything  to  show 
for  what  purpose  these  great  fire-places  were  intended.  In  the 
one  in  question  a  portion  of  a  human  skull  was  found,  indicat 
ing  that  the  cremation  took  place  after  which  the  remains  wen- 
gathered  up  and  removed  to  the  grave.  In  all  of  the  other  great 
fire-places  found,  not  even  a  small  amount  of  ashes  could  he  se 
cured,  as  all  had  been  gathered  and  carried  awav,  though  a  num 
ber  of  the  bodies  were  undoubtedly  cremated  at  the  grave. 

l>y  careful  examin 
ation  I  found  that 
out  of  the  nine  buri 
als  which  occurred  in 
this  way.  all  had  a 
giave  of  the  first  type 
with  the  exception  of 
one,  where  a  grave 
had  been  prepared  of 
the  type  of  Xo.  3.  It 
did  not  show  that  fire 
had  been  used  any 
great  length  of  time. 
consequently  it  was 
not  a  crematory  prior 
to  the  time  the  body 

FIG.     II        A    typical    oval    grave.  wag      placc(l      tncre      tO 

be  cremated,  in  all  of  the  graves  where  cremation  took  place 
at  the  grave  a  portion  of  the  tleshy  part  of  the  body  would  not 
be.  wholly  destroyed,  consequently  the  innominate  and  parts  of  the 
femur  would  be  in  place  while  the  other  portions  would  be  de 
stroyed.  ( )ne  of  the  singular  features  of  the  cremations  which 
took  place  at  the  grave  was  that  the  implements  and  ornaments 
would  be  almost  totally  destroyed,  while  in  the  cremations  which 
took  place  away  from  the  graves  the  implements  and  ornaments 
were  placed  in  the  grave  in  a  perfect  state  with  the  ashes  and 
the  incinerated  bones  of  the  body.  After  these  remains  were  de 
posited  in  the  grave  they  were  frequently  covered  over  with  mat- 


34 


Explorations  of  the  lld^ln  Harness  Mound. 


ting  or  some  woven  fabric,  and  then  a  covering  of  grass  and 
twigs,  and  as  a  last  ceremony  this  covering  was  set  on  fire,  and 
while  it  was  thus  burning  clay  was  carried  and  covered  over  the 
fire,  thus  preserving  the  cloth,  the  grass  and  twigs  in  a  charred 
estate.  The  covering  of  these  graves,  as  heretofore  stated,  was  of 


FIG.   12  —  A   typical   rectangular   grave. 

clay  similar  in  every  respect  to  the  clay  used  in  making  the  plat 
form  and  in  forming  the  grave.  This  covering  of  clay  would 
vary  in  thickness  from  a  few  inches  to  fourteen  inches,  the  average 
being  very  close  to  ten  inches,  and  was  the  temporarv  covering 
for  all  the  graves  as  they  were  placed  in  the  charnel  house. 

The  uncremated  graves  were  prepared  in  the  same  way  as 


36  Explorations  of  flic  /:</Tr///   l/aniess  Mound. 

shown  in  the  illustration,  Fig.  13.  This  individual  was  placed 
in  the  grave  at  full  length,  with  him  were  ornaments  of  copper, 
such  as  the  ear  ornaments,  which  can  be  seen  at  the  side  of  the 
head,  and  a  great  copper  plate  which  is  under  the  loins.  The 
ornaments  are  similar  to  those  found  in  the  cremated  graves. 
(  )n  the  right  hand  side  of  the  body,  as  it  lay  in  the  grave,  was 
placed  the  incinerated  remains  of  an  adult,  on  the  left  hand  was 
a  human  skull,  and  near  the  head  on  the  left  side  of  the  body, 
was  placed  another  cremated  skeleton ;  near  the  knees  on  the 
right  side  of  the  body,  was  placed  the  skeleton  of  a  little  child, 
and  near  this  skeleton  were  two  human  jaws,  perforated,  and 
which  no  doubt  had  been  used  for  ornament.. 

ARTIFACTS    FOUND    WITH    THE    J5UR1ALS. 

The  articles  taken  from  the  burials  of  this  mound  were  most 
interesting  as  to  quantity  and  quality  and  represent  the  highest 
art  of  prehistoric  man  in  Ohio.  From  the  133  burials,  upwanN 
of  12,000  specimens,  including  implements  and  ornaments  of  cop 
per,  shell,  bone  and  stone  were  removed.  Some  of  the  copper 
pieces  contained  small  nuggets  of  silver,  showing  that  the  copper 
came  from  the  Lake  Superior  region.  Large  ocean  shells  that 
were  made  into  drinking  cups  and  ornaments  of  various  kinds 
were  unearthed,  which  came  evidently  from  the  region  of  the 
southern  gulf.  There  were  also  found  great  quantities  of  mica, 
some  pieces  representing  the  original  blocks  as  they  were  quar 
ried,  other  pieces  had  been  cut  into  geometrical  forms  and  used 
for  decoration.  This  mica  no  doubt  came  from  North  Carolina. 
Again  we  found  crystals  of  galenite  as  well  as  large  lumps  of  the 
lead  ore,  which  came  from  the  north  Illinois  region.  Obsidian 
was  also  found,  and  this  no  doubt  came  from  the  far  west,  per 
haps  the  Yellowstone  region.  The  finding  of  so  much  material 
of  this  sort,  whose  source  of  supply  was  so  far  from  the  site  of 
the  mound,  indicates  that  the  prehistoric  inhabitants  of  this  sec 
tion  had  an  inter-tribal  trade,  for  it  certainly  would  have  been 
impossible  for  the  Ohio  tribes  to  visit  those  distant  points  men 
tioned. 

The  artifacts  were  made  into  various  forms  of  implements 
and  ornaments.  The  most  interesting  of  these  are  the  large  cop- 


38  Explorations  of  the  lid  win  Harness  Mound. 

per  plates  of  which  ten  were  found,  the  largest  one  being  ten 
inches  in  length  by  five  and  one-half  inches  broad.  It  was  made 
of  very  thin  copper  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  in  the 
form  of  a  parallelogram,  with  the  ends  cut  concave.  It  was 
pierced  with  two  holes  near  one  edge.  Of  the  ten  copper  plates 
removed,  all  showed  contact  with  some  woven  fabric. 

The  next  largest  copper  plate  is  shown  in  Fig.  15,  and  this 
may  be  taken  as  a  type  of  the  plates  from  this  mound.  As  shown 
in  the  figure,  the  entire  surface  is  covered  with  the  remains  of 
a  woven  fabric.  This  plate  is  nine  inches  in  length  by  four  and 
three-quarters  in  width,  and  would  average  about  one-eighth  of 
an  inch  in  thickness.  Some  of  these  plates  show  contact  with 
fire,  which  in  this  instance,  doubtless  burned  a  little  longer  than 
usual  during  the  last  ceremony  at  the  grave. 

A  good  illustration  of  the  copper  thus  burned,  the  incinerated 
bones  of  the  dead  clinging  to  it  can  be  seen  in  Fig.  16.  This 
copper  plate  is  perfect  with  the  exception  of  one  corner,  which 
entirely  crumbled  when  the  plate  was  removed  from  the  grave, 
and  with  the  further  exception  of  a  small  piece  broken  out  of  the 
side.  This  specimen  is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  thickness. 
When  the  copper  plates  were  placed  in  the  cremated  grave  they 
were  usually  placed  upon  the  bottom,  and  the  calcined  bones  and 
ashes  of  the  dead  were  placed  immediately  over  the  plates.  In 
two  instances  plates,  found  with  the  uncremated  had  been  placed 
directly  under  the  loins,  while  in  another  the  plate  was  placed 
upon  the  breast.  A  great  number  of  these  plates  were  taken  from 
this  mound.  As  near  as  I  can  learn,  one  was  taken  out  by  Squier 
and  Davis,  three  by  Professor  Putnam,  and  two  by  Professor 
Moorehead,  and  four  others  owned  by  as  many  individuals  living 
in  various  parts  of  the  country,  making  a  total  of  twenty  taken 
from  this  entire  mound. 

Another  interesting  specimen  of  copper  is  shown  in  Fig.  17, 
which  represents  a  thin  piece  of  this  metal  about  one-eighth  of  an 
inch  in  thickness,  ten  and  one-half  inches  in  length  by  three  and 
one-quarter  inches  in  width  at  the  larger  end  and  two  inches  at 
the  smaller  end.  Three  specimens  of  this  character  were  found, 
and  all  fairly  well  preserved.  The  other  specimens  were  perhaps 
more  curved  than  the  one  shown  in  the  illustration  and  somewhat 


40 


Explorations  of  tlic  /:</-;\  /'//   Harness  Mound. 


Explorations  of  the  lldivin  Harness  Mound. 


larger.  The  larger  end  of 
these  specimens  was  invaria 
bly  square  or  nearly  so,  and 
perforated  with  three  holes, 
one  at  each  corner  and  one  in 
the  center.  The  other  end  is 
invariably  oval,  more  so  in 
the  other  specimens  than  in 
the  one  shown.  This  end  is 
perforated  with  two  holes 
near  the  center  of  the  speci 
men,  and  is  concave  upon 
the  inside,  and  looks  in  every 
respect  as  though  it  might 
have  been  used  for  a  head- 
dress,  although  this  is  only 
conjecture,  as  all  the  speci 
mens  found  came  from  the 
cremated  burials,  and  no 
specimens,  as  far  1  know, 
have  been  found  with  the 
uncremated. 

EAR     ORXAMKXTS. 

( )rnaments  designated  as 
"spool  shaped"  ear  orna 
ments  were  more  abundant 
than  any  of  the  copper  pieces 
found  in  the  mound,  as  more 
than  fifty  perfect  pieces  were 
taken  from  this  mound  dur 
ing  the  last  explorations. 
These  objects  were  found 
with  all  of  the  uncremated 
burials,  with  the  exception  of 
one,  and  were  placed  invari 
ably  on  each  side  of  the  head 
close  to  the  temporal  bone. 


42  Explorations  of  flic  /:</-;v///   Harness  Mound. 

which  would  indicate  that  they  were  used  for  ear  ornaments.11 
The  ear  ornaments  taken  from  this  mound  exhibit  a  decree  of 
skill  in  their  manufacture  and  show  the  high  decree  of  advance 
ment  made  in  ornamental  art,  as  many  of  these  ornaments  wen- 
overlaid  with  a  thin  covering  of  iron,  presumably  meteoric,  and 
a  few  had  a  thin  covering  of  silver  and  copper  hammered  together. 
Fig.  18  shows  a  specimen  covered  with  iron,  and  Fig.  KJ 
shows  a  specimen  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  copper  and  silver 
mixed.  This  silver  and  copper  layer  was  hammered  very  thin 
and  resembles  very  much  the  thickness  of  ordinary  writing  paper. 
Four  different  types  of  these  ornaments  are  found,  and  all  were 
many  times  duplicated  during  the  explorations. 


FIG.   19  —  Copper  ear  or- 
FIG.    18  —  Copper    ear    orna-  nament.          (Two-thirds 

merit.    (Two-thirds    size.)  size.) 


The  form  of  manufacture  of  the  various  types  was  similar 
and  consisted  of  two  concavo-convex  plates  connected  by  a  cen 
tral  cylindrical  column.  These  plates  varied  in  diameter  from 
one  and  one-half  inches  to  two  and  one-quarter  inches.  As  a 
rule,  one  of  the  plates  forming  the  ornament  was  larger  than 
the  other,  in  a  number  of  cases  the  plates  were  alike  on  each  side. 


11  Professor  Putnam  in  his  account  of  the  Marriott  Mound  Xo.  1. 
describes  specimens  of  the  "spool-shaped"  ornaments  and  proves  beyond 
a  doubt  that  they  were  used  as  ear  ornaments.  In  this  connection  he 
speaks  of  these  same  ornaments  taken  from  the  Liberty  Group,  now 
known  as  the  Harness  Group. 


Explorations  of  the  Edu'in  Planless  Mound.  43 

The  concavo-convex  plates  were  evidently  made  over  a  wooden 
pattern  and  the  copper  hammered  into  form.12 

Fig.  20  shows  one  of  the  types  frequently  met  with.  It  is 
made  of  four  plates  of  copper,  two  of  which  are  circular  plates, 
pierced  at  the  center  with  a  hole,  and  these  two  plates  are  con 
nected  together  with  a  small  cvlinder  of  copper  about  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  in  length  passing  through  the  holes  and 
clinched  on  the  inside.  The  space  between  the  two  circular  disks 
varies  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch.  The  next  process  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  ornaments  is  the  putting  in  place  of  the 
concavo-convex  disks.  Uefore  this  is  done  the  concavo-convex 
disk  at  the  center  of  the  concave  portion  is  extended  by  hammer 
ing  so  as  to  fit  into  the  cylindrical  column  and  is  then  perforated. 


FIG.    20  —  Copper    car    orna-  FIG.      21  — •  Copper      ear      ornament, 

ment.    (Two-thirds    size.)  (Two-thirds    size.) 

The  convex  portion  of  the  concavo-convex  disk  is  filled  with  a 
yellow  clay  and  the  concavo-convex  plate  is  then  fitted  to  one  of 
the  circular  pieces  which  has  been  attached  to  the  cylinder  con 
necting  the  two  sides  of  the  ornament  and  the  edges  of  the  outer 
concavo-convex  plate  are  turned  over  the  inner  circular  plate, 
and  is  firmly  held  in  place.  The  other  side  is  made  in  the  same 
way,  and  frequently  when  the  ornament  is  finished  the  two  out 
side  plates  are  connected  to  the  cylindrical  column  so  that  a  cord 
could  be  readily  passed  through  the  hollow  column  from  one 
side  to  the  other. 


12  Professor  C.  C.  Willoughby  of  Harvard  University  describes  the 
process  of  making  the  copper  ear  ornaments  in  American  Anthropolo 
gist.  Volume  5,  1903. 


44  Explorations  of  tli:  I:ii-:^i/ 

Fig.   _>  i    shows   the   next   type  of  ear  ornament.     These  are 
made  from  two  circular  pieces  of  copper  hammered  into  the  con 
cavo-convex  forms  and  connected  together  by  a  cylindrical  column. 
This  ai_ain  shows  threat   skill   employed   in   connecting  these 
two   piece.-',    as    in    the    first   type   the   concaye   portion    is   greatly 
extended  so  as  to  lit  in  the  column  and  apparently  held  in  place 
hy  being  |)ressed  firmly  to  the  side  of  the  cylinder,  and  the  cyl 
inder  wrapped  with  a  cord  to  hold  the  va 
rious  parts  together. 

Type  Xo.  3  is  shown  in  Fig.  22,  and 
like  the  last  type  described,  consisted  of 
two  concavo-convex  plates  connected  to 
gether  by  a  cylinder  extending  through  the 
hole  cut  in  the  concave  portion  and  then 
clinched  upon  the  outside,  and  as  in  type 
FIG.  22  — Copper  em-  or-  ^  °-  2-  only  three  pieces  of  copper  are  used 

nament.          (Two-thirds         jn     their    Construction, 
size.)  ,„  . 

type  JNo.  4.      1  his  type  is  very  much 

like  the  other  three  only  it  is  made  of  four  pieces  of  copper.  One 
side  of  the  concavo-convex  part  is  double,  while  the  outer  piece 
extends  down  through  the  central  cylinder  and  is  there  fastened 
while  the  cylinder  extends  through  the  opposite  side  of  the  con 
cavo-convex  cylinder  and  is  clinched  on  the  outside. 
Many  of  these  ear  ornaments  when  placed  in  the 
burials  of  the  cremated  dead  show  contact  with 
woven  fabrics,  while  others  show  contact  with  or 
naments  made  of  feathers,  while  still  others  show 
contact  with  human  hair.  Many  of  the  ear  orna 
ments  have  a  string  wound  around  the  central  col-  FIG.  220— String 
umn.  I  am  inclined  to  believe  from  mv  examination  ust''1  to  fastcn 

.  the     plates     of 

oi    a    number   oi    these   ornaments    that    the    string      thc  ear  oma- 
wrapped  around  the  central  column  served  to  hold      ment-    n'  u ' ' 

size.) 

together    the    various    parts    of    the    ear    ornament. 

Fig.  22a  shows  one  of  the  columns  wrapped   with  a  string 
and  tied,  the  knot  showing  in  the  photograph. 

COI'I'KK    COVERED    ORNAMENTS. 

It   is   quite   apparent   from   the   extensive   use   of   copper   in 
connection    with    aboriginal   ornamentation    that    it    was    greatly 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


45 


FIG.    23  —  Round    ball    of 
copper.     (Two-thirds 
size.) 


prized  by  the  ancient  artificer,  and  that  he  soon  learned  to  know 
its  malleable  nature,  and  could  readily  adapt  it  to  his  use  and 
wants.  1  le  made  molds  in  the  shape  of  hem 
ispheres  out  of  the  wood,  perhaps,  and  ham 
mered  the  copper  to  fit  these  molds,  and 
afterwards  by  attaching  two  of  these  hem 
ispheres  together  almost  a  perfect  ball  was 
formed.  One  of  these  is  shown  in  Fig.  23. 
The  specimen  is  almost  a  perfect  ball  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  filled 
with  yellow  clay.  The  specimens  have  been 
found  attached  to  charred  woven  fabrics, 
indicating  that  they  were  used  for  ornamental  purposes.  Copper 
was  also  used  as  a  setting  for  pearls. |:!  Large  and 
select  pearls  were  ilattened  upon  one  side  bv 
grinding,  and  then  placed  upon  a  circular  disk 
of  copper  a  little  larger  than  the  pearl.  The 
edges  were  then  turned  around  the  pearl  holding 
it  in  place.  This  is  shown  in  Fig.  24.  Xot  only 
were  pearls  set  in  this  way,  but  various  pieces  of 
shell  cut  in  a  circular  form  were  thus  set  in 
copper. 

Fig.  25  shows  one  of  the  copper  pieces  with 
the  edges  turned.     The  setting  was  lost  out. 

Another  of  the  interesting  objects  used  for 
ornament  were  small  hemispheres  made  of  wood 
and  covered  over  with  iron,  presumably  mete 
oric,14  and  then  set  in  copper.  These  are  perhaps 
the  most  interesting  of  the  many  artifacts  found 
in  the  mound. 

The  manner  of  attachment  of  the  hemis 
pheres  is  shown  in  Fig.  26,  which  shows  that  two 
small  holes  were  drilled  into  the  copper  setting. 


FIG.   24 — Pearl  set 

in    copper.    (  Full 
size.) 


FlG.  25  —  A  cop 
per  setting 
pearl  having 
been  removed. 
(Full  size.) 


13  Large    quantities    of    fresh    water    pearls    made    into    beads    were 
found   in  every  section  of  the  mound.     In  one   instance  more  than  2,000 
of  these  beads  were  found  with  one  burial,  and  these  will  be  noted  later. 

14  Implements   of  meteoric   iron   were   found   in   this   mound   by   Prof. 
F.  W.  Putnam.     Peabody  Museum  Report,  Vol.  3. 


46 


li.vplorntions  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


and  the  set  having-  been  prepared  before  hand  by  cutting  a  crease 
into  the  wood  so  that  a  cord  could  be  passed  from  one  hole  to  the 
other  in  order  that  the  ornament  could  be  attached. 

Associated    with    the    small    hemispheres    covered    with    iron 
were  a   few  tubular  beads  from  one-half  to  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  in  length. 

\\  ith  one  of  the  burials  was  found  a  small 
ornament  made  of  thin  copper  representing  a 
leaf  shaped  arrow  point,  being  one  and  fivc- 
eighths  inches  in  length,  one  and  one-eighth 
inches  in  width  at  the  widest  part.  It  is  very 
finely  wrought,  the  edges  being  perfectly  smooth 
and  the  convex  top  nicely  rounded.  Xo  holes 
are  found  for  its  attachment  or  suspension,  but  as 
the  surface  is  greatly  corroded  perhaps  the  holes 
have  been  entirely  filled.  This  specimen  is  the  only  one  of  the 
kind  found  in  the  mound,  and  is  shown  in  Fig.  27. 


FlG.  2o  —  shows 
the  manner  in 
which  tile  cop- 
p  e  r  settings 
were  attached. 
(T  \v  o  -  thirds 
size.) 


IMl'LHMKXTS    OK    COi'I'KR. 

The  implements  made  of  copper  were  not  numerous  in  this 
mound.  Most  of  the  copper  employed  in  this  section  seems  to 
have  been  used  for  making  ornaments,  yet  four 
copper  axes  and  one  copper  needle  were  fouir.l 
with  the  burials.  ( )ne  fine  axe,  larger  than  any 
one  of  the  four  taken  out  during  our  explora 
tions  was  presented  to  us  by  Air.  Yause  Harness, 
who  secured  the  specimen  from  the  mound  some 
twenty-five  years  ago.  This  specimen  is  shown 
in  Fig.  28. 

The  axes  for  the  most  part  are  small,  and 
all  are  practically  one  type  and  made  from  masse- 
of  native  copper  by  hammering  into  form.  The 
surfaces  of  the  axes  are  very  much  corroded, 
but  they  plainly  show  the  irregularities  in  the  surface  so  char 
acteristic  of  the  specimens  found  in  the  Scioto  Valley.  Several 
of  the  axes  show  the  remains  of  a  woven  fabric  plainly  imprinted 
upon  their  face,  and  the  meshes  of  some  of  this  cloth  are  so 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  4? 

firmly  attached  to  the  copper  that  it  cannot  be  removed  without 
destroying  it  entirely,  while  in  another  instance  the  cloth  cover 
ing  one  side  of  the  axe  was  readily  separated  and  the  cloth  was 
well  preserved  by  the  salts  of  copper. 

The  pole  or  blunt  end  of  the  axes  was  invariably  square, 
and  one  side  perfectly  flat,  the  width  gradually  enlarging  from 
the  blunt  end  to  the  cutting  edge,  which  shape  was  produced  by 
pounding  from  the  flat  side.  The  cutting  edge,  which  was  very- 
much  expanded  at  the  bit,  is  fairly  sharp,  and  has  the  convex 
curve  of  modern  axes.  The  other  side  of  the  axe  is  an  oval 
gradually  tapering  from  the  center  or  thick  portion  to  the  edges. 
This  rounded  portion  of  the  axe  is  very  smooth,  showing  that 
much  care  and  labor  had  been  expended  in  fashioning  the  im 
plements,  and  since  we  have  learned  that  the  concavo-convex 
portions  of  the  ear  ornaments,  previously  described,  were  no 
doubt  formed  in  a  mold  expressly  prepared  for  that  purpose,  I 
am  inclined  to  believe  that  plano-convex  axes"  were  made  in  the 
same  way,  and  that  a  mold  was  made  out  of  stone  the  size  re 
quired  for  the  individual  lump  of  copper  and  then  the  annealing 
and  hammering  into  form  would  go  rapidly  forward.  Again,  1 
am  inclined  to  believe  that  when  the  partly  hammered  copper 
was  placed  in  the  fire  to  be  annealed  it  was  returned  to  the  moid 
while  hot  and  rapidly  hammered  into  shape. 

Fig.  28  shows  the  large  copper  axe  presented  by  Air.  Vause 
Harness.  This  axe  was  taken  from  the  mound  by  Mr.  Harness 
when  he  was  a  boy  attending  the  school,  some  twenty-five  years 
ago.  When  Mr.  Harness  secured  this  axe  a  number  of  other 
specimens  were  taken  from  one  of  the  graves.  Mr.  Harness  also 
presented  us  two  parts  of  an  ear  ornament,  a  perforated  bear 
canine  and  several  pieces  of  mica.  The  axe  is  five  and  one-half 
inches  in  length,  two  and  a  quarter  inches  in  width  at  the  blunt 
end  and  three  and  three-eighths  at  the  cutting  edge,  and  seven- 
tenths  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  weighs  one  and  one-half 
ounces  short  of  two  pounds,  and  is  decidedly  of  the  plano-con 
vex  type.  Mr.  Harness  tells  me  that  this  axe  was  taken  from 
near  the  center  of  the  mound,  and  as  near  as  he  can  recall,  was 
not  on  the  base  line. 


48  ILvplorations  of  the  l:.d-^in   Harness  Mound. 


I'IG.   28— Copper  axe.      (Length   five  and   one-half   inches.) 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


49 


Fig.  29  is  another  axe  of  this  same  general  type,  both  sides 
of  which  are  greatly  corroded  and  covered  with  a  finely  woven 
fahric.  Beneath  the  fabric  there  seems  to  be  a  skin  of  some  ani 
mal  with  short  hair.  This  can  be  seen  in  the  figure  in  the  right 
hand  corner  of  the  cutting  edge.  On  the  opposite,  or  flat  side, 
a  covering  of  bark  lies  directly  over  the  cloth.  The  axe  is  five 

inches  in  length,  one 
and  one-half  inches  in 
width  at  the  blunt 
end.  ( )ne  side  grad 
ually  tapers  to  the  bit, 
but  the  other  side  is 
cut  off  at  an  angle  of 
forty-five  degrees,  and 
one  inch  below  the 
blunt  end  the  axe  is 
two  inches  wide  and 
then  gradually  tapers 
to  the  cutting  edge, 
where  it  is  three  and 
o  n  e-h  a  1  f  inches  in 
width.  It  weighs  one 
pound  and  ten  ounces. 
The  axe  was  found 
near  the  left  knee  of 
one  of  the  uncremated 
burials. 

3°>    although 


FlG.    29  -  -  Copper    axe    covered     with    cloth, 
five    inches.) 


small,    is    one   of    the 

(Length  ,  .,    , 

most    beautiful    axes 
taken    from    the 

mound.  Like  the  others,  it  is  corroded,  and  one  side  is  covered 
with  the  imprint  of  cloth,  while  the  cloth  itself  was  removed  and 
preserved.  The  axe  is  three  and  one-tenth  inches  in  length,  one 
and  one-tenth  inches  in  width  at  the  blunt  end  and  one  and  six- 
tenths  inches  at  the  cutting  edge.  Like  the  other  two.  this  axe 
is  of  the  plano-convex  type.  This  specimen  was  found  with  a 
cremated  burial. 


50 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


With  this  burial  were  also  two  copper  ear  ornaments,  two 
large  copper  plates  and  one  human  skull,  which  was  no  doubt 
a  trophy.  The  position  of  this  axe  in  reference  to  the  burial  and 
skull  can  be  seen  in  Fig.  31. 

Fig.  32  is  another  one  of  the  small  axes.  By  a  glance  at 
this  cut  one  can  readily  see  the  inequalities  of  the  surface,  and 
in  several  places  the  copper  is  distinctly  laminated,  and  at  one 
corner  of  the  blunt  edge  a  piece  of  copper  is  separated  from  the 
main  mass.  The  specimen  is  two  and  eight-tenths  inches  in 
length,  one  and  two-tenths  inches  in  width  at  the  blunt  end,  and 
one  and  six-tenths  inches  wide  at  the  cut 
ting  edge. 

Fig.  33  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
of  the  axes  found  in  this  mound.  It  was 
taken  from  the  fourth  grave  found  in 
the  mound  at  the  extreme  south  end.  It 
had  been  wrapped  in  bark,  though  but  lit 
tle  of  the  bark  can  be  seen  adhering  to 
the  implement.  It  is  slightly  oxidized. 
It  is  two  and  seven-tenths  inches  wide 
at  the  blunt  end  and  one  and  eight-tenths 
inches  wide  at  the  cutting  edge.  It  is 
also  of  the  plano-convex  type,  but  also 
shows  some  hammering  on  the  cutting- 
edge  from  both  sides,  which  is  not  notice 
able  in  the  other  specimens. 

The  other  copper  implement  found 
in  this  mound  is  the  needle,  and  only  one 
was  discovered.  The  needle  is  three  inches  in  length  and  slightly 
over  one-twentieth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  is  perfectly  sym 
metrical  throughout  from  the  point  to  the  end  which  is  slightly 
curved  and  flattened.  The  eye  is  broken  out. 

The  needle  is  a  little  short  of  the  bone  needles  which  were 
found  in  this  mound,  but  resemble  the  bone  needles  in  every  re 
spect. 

POTTERY. 

The  use  of  pottery  for  the  preparation  of  food  was  universal 
among  the  prehistoric  peoples  of  Ohio,  and  the  builders  of  Har- 


FlG.  30 — Copper  axe  cov 
ered  with  a  reticulated 
textile.  (Length  three 
and  one-tenth  inches.) 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


51 


ness  Mound  were  no  exception,  for  in  every  portion  of  the  mound 
fragments  of  broken  pottery,  representing  a  high  type  of  fictile 
art  were  found.  These  fragments  had  been  gathered  up  with  the 
soil  as  work  progressed  upon  the  mound  and  were  carried  to 
the  mound  and  deposited  as  so  much  material  necessary  for  its 
construction. 


FlG.    31  —  Burial    showing    copper    axe,    copper    plate    and    a    human    skull    placed    with 

the    cremated    hones. 

The  unearthed  potsherds  were  large  enough  to  show  that  the 
shapes  were  those  of  simple  pots  with  wide  mouths,  and  the  necks 
hut  slightly  constricted,  while  the  rims  were  sometimes  developed 
in  a  wide  collar  and  uniformly  made  as  shown  in  Fig.  34,  while 
in  others  the  rims  were  small,  plain  and  undecorated,  still  in 
others  the  rims  were  slightly  enlarged  and  decorated  with  incised 


52 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


lines  and  indentations.  The  symmetry  and  grace  displayed  by 
the  discarded  sherds  show  that  the  early  ceramic  workers  dis 
played  much  skill  and  patience  as  well  as  experience  in  their  art. 


[•'IG.   .S2  --  Copper  axe.      (I.cniith 
two    and    four-fifths    inches.) 


FlG.   33  —  Copper  axe.    (Length    two 
and     seven-tenths     inches.) 


Xo  potsherds  or  perfect  pots  were  found  in  any  of  the  burials, 
but  a  perfect  piece  had  been  placed  upon  the  clay  covering  of  one 
of  the  uncremated  dead  about  eighteen  inches  above  the  bodv. 


FlG.    34  —  Rim    of    pottery. 


and  was  accidentally  broken  by  being  struck  with  a  digging  tool 
by  one  of  the  workmen,  and  the  vase  shattered,  but  we  hope  to 
be  able  to  restore  it.  The  clay  used  in  the  manufacture  of  this 


Explorations  of  the  Edzv-in  Harness  Mound. 


53 


pottery  was  evidently  secured  from  the  clay  pits  near  at  hand, 
and  resembled  the  clav  used  in  the  preparation  of  the  graves. 
The  tempering  of  this  clav  was  mainh 
with  angular  sand  derived  from  the  pul 
verized  rock. 

A  number  of  the  unearthed  sherds 
also  show  that  small  pieces  of  mica, 
sometimes  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length, 
would  he  used  in  conjunction  with  sand. 


FIG.    35  —  Decorated    pottery. 


FlG.    :«i  —  Decorated    pottery. 


in  other  instances  pieces  of  limestone  and  mussel  shells  that  had 
been  broken  into  very  fine  particles  were  used.  The  decoration 
of  this  pottery  presents  some 
very  striking  features.  In 
s  o  in  e  instances  modeling 
tools  covered  with  a  cord 
were  used  in  decorating  the 
lower  portions  of  the  vessels 
and  the  upper  portions  \veiv 
decorated  with  a  stamp  and 
stylet  used  in  making  the 
straight  lines.  In  other  in 
stances  a  stamp  was  used 
over  the  body  of  the  entire 
vessel,  as  shown  in  Fig.  35. 

A  specimen  with  markings  over  the  body  of  the  vase  similar 


FIG.    :i7  —  Decorated    pottery. 


54  Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 

to  this  was  taken  from  the  Hopewell  Mounds.15.  Another  speci 
men  similar  to  Fig.  35,  is  shown  in  Fig.  36,  only  the  lines  are 
curved. 

Figure  37  shows  a  potsherd  decorated  with  a  diamond  shaped 
stamp,  and  the  decoration  evidently  extended  over  the  body  of  the 
vessel. 

]5ONE    OBJKCTS. 

The  articles  of  hone  which  played  an  important  part  in  the 
daily  life  of  the  builders  of  this  mound  may  be  grouped  under 
two  heads,  utilitarian  and  ornamental.  The  first  comprises  bone 
implements,  such  as  needles,  awls,  etc. 

The  second  group  represents  the  beads,  carved  bone  pendants 
and  ornaments  made  of  human  as  well  as  animal  jaws. 

BONK    IMPLEMENTS. 

Rone  implements  were  not  abundant  with  the  burials  of  this 
mound,  although  a  few  of  the  graves  produced  a  number  of  very 
fine  specimens  of  needles  and  awls  in  perfect  condition,  but  the 
greater  number  had  been  calcined  by  the  action  of  fire  after  the 
cremated  Ixmes  and  ashes,  together  with  their  implements  and 
ornaments,  had  been  placed  in  the  grave,  so  that  restoration  of 
many  of  the  bone  implements  would  be  impossible.  Fig.  38  shows 
a  representative  collection  of  the  largest  bone  implements  found 
in  the  mound,  the  length  of  these  respectively,  varies  from  eight 
to  ten  inches.  The  implements  were  made  from  the  metapodiale 
bones  of  the  deer  by  splitting  the  bone  lengthwise  and  sharpening 
the  anterior  end.  Two  kinds  of  this  implement  were  found  in 
the  mound,  those  having  sharp  points  and  the  body  of  the  imple 
ment  likewise  cut  in  proportion.  No.  i  of  Fig.  38  is  a  good  ex 
ample  of  the  first  class  which  were  perhaps  used  as  bodkins. 

The  second  kind  of  implement  were  those  having  blunt  points, 
the  body  of  the  implement  being  heavy  throughout  its  entire 
length.  A  good  example  of  this  implement  can  be  seen  in  Fig. 
38,  No.  2.  These  implements  were  very  likely  used  for  domestic 
purposes,  taking  the  place  of  our  modern  fork. 


15  Twentieth    Annual    Report    of    the    Bureau    of    Ethnology,    Plate 
CLXXII,  by  W.  H.  Holmes. 


Another  variety  of  the  bone  im 
plements  f  o  u  n  (1  sparingly  in  the 
graves  were  the  hone  awls  made  from 
the  tarso-metatarsus  of  the  wild  tur 
key.  They  vary  in  length  from  two 
to  four  inches,  and  the  points  are  made 
very  sharp.  The  anterior  part  of  the 
hone  is  cut  away  almost  to  the  center. 


FIG.  39 — Bone  awls  made 
from  the  tarsometatar- 
sus  of  the  wild  turkey. 
(Length  four  inches.) 


FIG.    40. 
Bone     needles. 
(Length     four 

inches.) 


FIG.  38  —  Bone  awls  made  from 
the  metapodiale  bones  of  the 
deer.  (Length  ten  inches.) 


and  this  cut  is  carried  through  to  the 
posterior  end  of  the  hone,  which  is 
sharpened  into  a  well  tapered  point. 
Fig.  39  shows  a  good  example  of  these 
awls,  which  were  invariable  in  form  as 
found  throughout  the  entire  mound. 


56  Explorations  of  the  ILd-i^in  Harness  Mound. 

BONE    NEEDLES. 

This  useful  implement  was  likewise  found  sparingly  in  the 
hurials,  and  when  found  usually  appeared  in  lots  from  three  to 
seven  placed  together.  Fig.  40  is  a  good  illustration  of  this  finely 
wrought  needle.  The  needles  were  usually  from  three  to  four 
inches  in  length,  gradually  tapering  from  the  head  to  the  well 
sharpened  point.  The  head  is  usually  fiat,  as  shown  in  the  illus 
tration  and  pierced  with  a  small  hole  near  the  end.  The  hole  is 
hored  from  both  sides  of  the  needle,  and  many  gave  evidence  of 
having  been  much  used.  The  bone  usually  employed  in  making 
the  needle  was  the  metapodiale  bone  of  the  deer  and  elk.  The 
making  of  the  needles  from  this  bone  required  much  labor  and 
even  skill  to  produce  the  gradual  taper  and  symmetry  of  the 
implement. 

ORNAMENTS    OF    I'.ONE. 

Ornaments  of  bone  were  frequently  found  in  the  burials  in 
perfect  condition,  though  many  had  been  destroyed  by  fire,  so  that 
their  identity  could  not  be  determined.  Those  that  could  be  iden 
tified  consisted  of  gorgets,  carved  bone,  bear  teeth,  shark's  teeth 
and  ornaments  made  from  animal  and  human  jaws.  The  most 
interesting  of  these  ornaments  were  the  human  jaws.  The  lower 
jaw  was  usually  selected,  but  occasionally  the  upper  was  detached, 
perforated  and  used  for  ornament. 

In  one  of  the  graves  (Xo.  46)  the  cremated  remains  were 
placed  in  the  grave  together  with  implements  and  ornaments. 
The  implements  consisted  of  two  arrow  points  and  the  ornaments 
consisted  of  two  copper  ear  pendants  and  a  human  inferior  maxil 
lary  bone.  This  jaw  when  taken  from  the  grave  was  considered 
perfect,  but  upon  examination,  it  was  found  to  be  an  adult  jaw 
with  three  incisor  teeth  gone.  The  loss  had  been  replaced  by 
three  incisor  teeth  of  the  deer.  The  deer  teeth  have  very  long 
roots,  but  these  were  cut  and  properly  fitted  into  the  socket  of  the 
human  jaw  to  replace  the  lost  human  teeth  and  make  the  orna 
ment  appear  perfect,  as  only  jaws  with  a  perfect  set  of  teeth 
were  used. 

Fig.  41  shows  a  front  view  of  the  jaw.  Different  parts  of 
the  jaw  show  polishing  and  cutting.  The  symphysis  is  cut  and 


Explorations  of  the  Edzv-in  Harness  Mound. 


57 


some  work  in  polishing  done.  The  sigmoicl  notch  also  shows  by 
notches  cut  into  the  hone  near  the  neck  that  the  ornament  was 
attached  at  this  point.  The  coronoid  process  is  also  slightly  pol 
ished,  and  parts  of  the  body  of  the  jaw  show  polishing  and  cut 
ting.  The  rami  of  the  jaw  is  colored  green  from  the  copper  ear 
ornaments  which  were  placed  in  the  grave  in  contact  with  the 
jaw.  Fig.  42  shows  two  jaws  taken  from  an  uncremated  grave 
(No.  100).  The  burial  is  shown  in  Fig.  13.  The  jaws  are  those 


FIG.    41  —  Human   jaw    in    which    deer    teeth    replace    the    human    incisor 
teeth.      (Two-thirds   size.) 

of  adults,  and  the  rami  of  both  jaws  are  entirely  broken  away 
leaving  only  the  body  of  the  jaw  with  the  teeth  inserted.  Two 
holes  on  each  side  of  the  symphysis  perforate  the  jaw,  and  were 
no  doubt  used  for  attachment. 

Another  interesting  ornament  is  shown  in  Fig.  43,  which  is 
made  of  the  upper  jaw  or  superior  maxillary  bones,  and  was  made 
by  cutting  the  bone  from  the  face  above  the  alveolar  process  and 
leaving  the  platate  intact.  The  jaw  is  perfect  with  the  exception 
of  the  last  molar  on  each  side,  which  has  been  cut  away.  The 


58 


Explorations  of  the  7:</;v//;   Harness  Mound. 


attachment  was  made  through  the  posterior  palatine  canal  which 
.^  had  been  enlarged  by  bor 

ing.  Not  only  were  human 
jaws  utilized  for  ornament 
but  those  of  the  mountain 
lion,  wild  cat  and  bear  were 
frequently  met  with.  Fig. 
44  shows  a  lower  jaw  of  the 
mountain  lion  which  was 
taken  from  one  of  the  buri 
als.  The  rami  of  this  jaw 
has  been  cut  away,  leaving 
the  body  of  the  jaw  with  all 
of  the  teeth  inserted. 

Fig.  45  shows  a  lower 
jaw  of  the  wild  cat.  The 
under  portion  of  this  jaw 
has  been  cut  away  and  pol 
ished.  It  was  taken  from 
a  cremated  burial,  (Xo. 
107).  Fig.  46  shows  the 
lower  jaw  of  the  bear, 
which  had  been  cut  and 

polished,  leaving  only  the  canine  and  the  premolars  inserted  in 

the  jaw. 

PENDANTS  OF   BONE  AND 
TEETH. 

One  of  the  most  interest 
ing  of  the  many  ornaments 
from  this  mound  is  the  effigy 
pendant  made  from  bone 
which  is  shown  in  Fig.  47, 
No.  i.  This  pendant  is  simi 
lar  to  Xo.  2,  which  is  made 
of  stone,  perhaps  argilite. 
These  specimens  represent 
the  claw  of  an  eagle.  They  are  well-wrought  and  highly  polished. 


I'IG.    4'2  —  Perforated    human 
size.) 


• 

*~\<r.r 


FIG.    43  —  Upper    jaw    worn    for    an    orna 
ment.      (Two-thirds    size.) 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


59 


They  are  both  perforated  at  the  base,  the  hole  being  bored  from 
both  sides.     The  perforated  teeth  of  the  shark,  as  shown  in  Fit;'. 


FlG.    44  —  Lower    jaw    of    the    Mountain 

Lion   worn   for  ornament.    (One 

half    size.) 


FlG.  46  —  Lower  jaw  of  the  Black 
Bear  worn  for  ornament.  (Two- 
thirds  size.) 

48,  were  frequently  met  with 
in  the  burials,  although  they  are 
limited  in  number  in  each  bur 
ial,  seldom  more  than  two. 
sometimes  only  one  were  found. 
They  were  all  perforated  with  one  hole,  which  was  drilled  from 
both  sides.  All  of  the  perforations  are  made  in  every  way  sim 
ilar  to  those  shown  in  the  illustration. 

ORNAMENTS  OF  BKAK  TKKTII. 

Canine  teeth  of  the  bear, 
Fig.  49,  were  a  favorite  or 
nament,  and  were  found  in 
many  of  the  burials.  They 
perhaps  were  not  used  as 
pendants,  as  most  of  them 
show  three  or  four  perfor 
ations,  and  many  of  the 
holes  are  counter  sunk,  and 
perhaps  served  to  attach 
the  tooth  to  a  belt  or  wear 
ing  apparel.  The  perfect 
canine  teeth  outside  of  the  perforation  showed  but  little  work  in 


FIG.  45  —  Lower  jaw  of  the   Wild  Cat  worn 
for   ornament.      (Two-thirds    size.) 


60 


Ii.rplomtions  of  the 


Harness  Mound. 


FlG.    48  —  Perforated     teeth     of    the     Sharl 
(Three-quarter    size.) 


the  way  <>t  polishing  and 
dressing,  although  in  one 
grave.  Fig.  u,  twenty 
(20)  cut  and  polished 
halves  of  the  canine  teeth 
were  found.  These  teeth 
are  shown  in  Fig.  50. 
The  two  specimens  to  de 
left  in  the  figure  show  a 
highly  polished  outside 
surlace  of  the  tooth,  and 
the  three  specimens  to  the 
right  show  the  inside  of 
the  tooth,  exposing  the 
pulp  cavitv.  The  speci 
mens  are  perforated  with 
two  holes,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  center.  For 
the  most  part  these  holes 
were  d  r  i  1  1  e  d  from  the 
outer  surface  of  the  tooth, 
although  a  numher  show 
the  enlargement  of  the 
holes  from  the  opposite 
side.  These  ornaments 

WCTC    placed    \vitll    tllC    Cl'C- 


FlG.    49  —  I'erforated    teeth    of    the    Bear.      (Three-fourths    size.) 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


61 


mated  burial  as  shown  in  Fig.  12,  and  associated  with  them  were 
copper  ear  ornaments,  knives  and  a  platform  pipe,  Fig.  62,  made 
of  steatite. 


FlG.   50  —  Cut   and    perforated   teeth   of   the    Hear.      (Three-fourths    si/.e.) 

Xecklaces   made  of  perforated   canine   teeth  of   the   raccoon 
and  opossum  were  abundant,  and  several  hundred  of  these  teeth 


FIG.    51  —  Teeth    of   the    Opossum    and    Raccoon.      (Three-fourths    size.) 


were  secured,   but   many  of   them   were   in   a    charred   state.      A 
good   illustration   is   shown   in    Fig.   51.      Fig.   52   shows  another 


FIG.    52  —  Claws    of   the    Gray    Wolf.      (Two-thirds    size.) 

interesting  necklace  made  from  the  toe  nails  of  the  gray  wolf 
(Canis  occidentalis).  These  ornaments  were  evidently  highly 
prized  as  they  occur  quite  frequently  in  the  graves. 


62  Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 

As  previously  stated,  many  of  the  ornaments  found  in  the 
cremated   graves   were  also   calcined   and   their   identity   entirely 

lost,  and  in  Fig.  53 
one  of  these  orna 
ments  partly  restored, 
is  shown.  It  w  a  s 
made  of  the  outside 
part  of  the  horn  of 
the  elk,  which  had 
been  carefully  c  u  t 
and  perforated  with 
holes  as  shown  in  the 
illustration. 

A  m  o  n  g  the  most 
interesting  specimens 
found  with  a  burial  in 
this  mound  were  the 
carved  and  polished 
bones  shown  in  Fig. 
54.  The  two  bones 
are  shown  in  the  illus 
tration  as  they  ap 
peared  in  the  grave. 
The  decoration  upon 
them  is  in  every  way 
u  n  i  f  o  r  m,  and  was 
made  by  cutting  away 
the  bone  by  grinding 
and  polishing,  thus 
leaving  the  decorated 
portion  in  relief.  At 
one  end  the  beak  of  a 
bird  is  shown,  the 

FIG.     5. -Restored     ornament     of     bone.       (Two-         nostrjl    and  b    j 

thirds    size.) 

quite    plain,    but    the 

decoration  at  the  other  end  is  not  apparent.  The  opposite  side 
of  the  bone  is  not  decorated,  but  is  highly  polished.  The  bones 
used  for  this  ornament  are  perhaps  the  leg  bones  of  the  bear, 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


63 


1 


04 


Explorations  of  the  lld-i^in  Harness  Mound. 


. 


FlG.    55  —  Ornament   cut    from    mica, 
fourths     size.) 


(Three- 


as  is  suggested  from  their 
size  and  general  shape,  but 
they  have  been  so  cut  and 
polished  that  the  bones  at 
present  show  but  little  re 
semblance  to  the  original 
form.  At  each  end  the 
bone  is  perforated  with 
three  holes  bored  from  the 
polished  side  of  the  bone. 
T  h  e  m  a  r  r  o  w  cavity  is 
greatly  enlarged  through 
out  the  entire  length,  and  at 
the  larger  end  the  bone  is 
cut  very  thin,  consequently 
making  that  portion  of  the 
ornament  very  fragile. 

OHJKCT5    OK     MICA. 

lUocks  of  mica  and  vari 
ous  figures  and  objects  cut 
from  t  h  e  detached  thin 
sheets  were  found  in  many 
graves  as  well  as  every  part 
of  the  mound.  The  mica 
pieces  not  found  in  the 
graves  had  evidently  been 
lost  from  the  clothing  of 
the  workers  while  they 
were  engaged  in  building 
the  mound,  as  the  pieces 
were  very  thin  and  in  many 
instances  would  represent 
only  a  portion  of  a  design. 
In  one  of  the  cremated 
graves,  No.  89,  more  than 
one  hundred  sheets  of  mica 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


65 


in  various  designs  were  found.  The  largest  design  is  shown  in 
';iS'-  55-  '^nc  specimen  is  ten  inches  in  length  and  three  inches 
wide,  and  is  cut  from  one  sheet  of  mica  in  the  form  of  a  spear 
point.  The  diamond  shaped  hase  is  very  unusual,  and  is  per 
haps  a  fancy  form  for  decoration.  The  point  of  this  spear  was 
lost  in  removing  the  specimen  from  the  grave. 

Fig.  56  shows  a  number  of  forms  found  in  this  grave,  and 
they   are   many   times   duplicated,   especially   the   scrolls   and   the 


FlG.    .3<i — Designs    in    mica.      (Three-fourths    size.) 

long  narrow  strips  of  mica.  Circular  pieces  of  mica,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  57,  were  not  found  in  abundance  In  the  mound,  although 
quite  a  number  were  taken  from  this  particular  grave.  All  of 
the  mica  is  pierced  with  small  holes,  apparently  for  attachment. 
The  cutting  into  these  various  forms  was  no  doubt  done  with  a 
Mint  knife,  as  a  careful  examination  of  the  specimens  will  show. 
I  do  not  think  that  they  used  a  pattern  in  making  these  objects 
as  several  pieces  of  mica  were  found  which  show  the  object  partly 
cut  out,  while  none  of  the  scrolls  found  in  this  grave  were  like 


66 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


each  other.  \Yhile  the  pieces  exhibited  the  same  design  of  dec 
oration  the  size  varied.  The  edges  are  jagged  and  rough,  and 
many  of  them  exhihit  irregularities,  and  none  of  them  are  geo 
metrically  correct. 


PIPES. 

During  the  explora 
tions  of  this  mound  four 
platform  pipes  were 
f  o  u  n  d  i  n  as  many 
graves.  As  far  as  I  am 
able  to  ascertain,  pipes 
were  not  exhumed  hv 
any  of  the  previous  ex 
plorers  of  this  mound 
except  Squier  and  Davis 
who  found  a  pipe  in 
shaft  A.  A  drawing  of 

this  pipe  is  shown  in  Fig.  4.     Consequently  only  five  pipes  were 

found  in  the  burials  of  this  large  mound. 

The  first  pipe  found  is  shown  in  Fig.  58.     It  was  taken  from 

the  cremated  grave  Xo.  20.     Associated  with  the  pipe  were  three 


FIG.    57  —  Circle    of    mica.      (Two-thirds    size.) 


FIG.   58  —  Large   platform   pipe    from    a   burial.    (Length   five   and    one-fifth    inches.) 

copper  ear  ornaments  and  several  hundred  beads  made  of  ocean 
shell.  A  fire  of  grass  and  twigs  had  been  kindled  over  the  grave. 
and  as  the  pipe  was  deposited  on  top  of  the  cremated  remains  it 


Explorations  of  the  Edzvin  Harness  Mound. 


67 


suffered  most  and  was  broken  into  a  dozen  pieces,  but  all  of  the 
pieces  were  secured  and  the  pipe  is  now  fully  restored,  as  shown 
in  the  photograph,  Fig.  58.  The  pipe  is  made  of  limestone,  plat 
form  in  design,  with  a  slightly  curved  base,  bold  and  symmetri 
cal  in  outline.  The  bowl  rises  from  the  center  of  the  slightly 
curved  side  of  the  platform  and  slightly  increases  in  diameter  to 
the  middle  of  the  bowl,  where  it  gradually  decreases,  forming 
a  symmetrical  concave  depression  around  the  entire  bowl,  which 
again  increases  in  diameter  at  the  top  of  the  bowl,  where  it  is  the 
same  diameter  as  the  base  of  the  bowl.  That  platform  of  the 
pipe  is  five  and  one-fifth  inches  in  length,  one  and  one-half  inches 
in  width,  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  The  bow! 
measures  one  and  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  height  from  the  plat- 


!•'[(;.   .">!) —  Platform   pipe   of   limestone.      (Length    four   and   one- 
tenth    inches.) 

form,  and  is  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter.  The  hollow  of 
the  bowl  is  six-tenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  A  small  hole  is 
drilled  from  one  end  of  the  platform  and  connects  with  the  hol 
low  of  the  bowl.  The  most  symmetrical  and  beautiful  of  the 
pipes  found  in  this  mound  is  shown  in  Fig.  59.  This  pipe  is 
made  of  limestone  with  a  curved  base,  which  is  slightly  shown  in 
the  figure,  as  the  pipe  is  so  placed  that  the  hollow  in  the  bowl 
can  be  seen.  The  platform  part  of  the  pipe  is  four  and  one- 
tenth  inches  in  length,  one  and  one-tenth  inches  in  width  at  the 
center,  gradually  tapering  at  each  end  to  one  and  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  in  width.  This  platform  is  very  thin,  being  four- 
tenths  of  an  inch  in  thickness  and  highly  polished  throughout. 
The  bowl,  like  Fig.  58,  rises  from  the  center  of  the  platform  and 


68 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin   Harness  Mound. 


FIG.   GO  —  Small   platform   pipe, 
inches.) 


is  one  and  four-tenths  inches  in  height  by  one  and  three-tenths 
in  diameter.  The  crease  is  cut  on  each  side  of  the  bowl  parallel 
to  the  platform  at  the  point  where  the  bowl  joins  the  platform. 
Xear  the  center  of  the  bowl  the  diameter  is  greatest.  Just  above 
the  center  a  crease  encircles  the  bowl  and  the  top  is  flaring,  be 
ing  wider  than  other  parts  of  the  bowl.  The  hollow  in  the 
bowl  is  three-fifths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  is  the  same 

from  the  top  to  the  bottom 
of  the  bowl.  A  small  hole 
is  drilled  from  one  end  ot 
the  platform  and  connects 
with  the  hollow  of  the 
bowl. 

(Length  three  Another  interesting  pipe 
is  shown  in  Fig.  60.  This 
cut  does  not  do  justice  to  this  little  pipe,  as  the  bowl  does  not 
show  to  any  advantage  in  the  cut,  yet  it  is  six-tenths  of  an  inch 
in  height  and  nine-tenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  platform 
of  this  pipe  is  only  slightly  curved,  being  three  inches  in  length 
and  one  inch  in  width  at  the  broadest  part,  which  is  the  center, 
and  gradually  tapering  to  each  end.  The  bowl  rises  from  the 
platform  furthest  from  the  end  where  the  small  hole  is  bored, 
w  h  i  c  h  connects 
with  the  hollow  of 
the  bowl.  The  pipe 
shows  much  use, 
and  the  hollow  is 
seven-tenths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter, 
and  the  walls  of 
the  bowl  are  very 


I-'K;.   (il  —  Small   platform   pipe  made    of    steatite 
three    and    one-half   inches.) 


(Length 


thin,  apparently  from  continued  use. 

Fig.  61  shows  a  beautiful  steatite  pipe  taken  from  burial 
shown  in  Fig.  12.  It  is  also  a  platform  pipe,  the  platform  being 
almost  straight,  and  is  three  and  one-half  inches  in  length,  eight- 
tenths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  one-half  inch  in  thickness.  The 
pipe  is  highly  polished  throughout.  The  bowl  rises  from  a 
slightly  convex  top  nearest  to  the  end  where  the  small  hole  is 


lL\-plorations  of  the  Edivin  Harness  Mound.  69 

drilled  into  the  platform  and  communicates  with  the  hollow  of 
the  bowl.  The  bowl  is  oblong-,  being  one  inch  in  its  longest 
diameter  and  two-fifths  of  an  inch  in  its  shortest  diameter.  The 
hollow  in  the  bowl  is  made  on  a  similar  scale,  being  six-tenths 
for  its  longest  diameter  and  one-half  inch  shortest  diameter.  The 
bowl  is  contracted  near  the  base,  and  near  the  top  of  the  bowl  a 
small  crease  extends  entirely  around  the  bowl. 

STON  K    1 M  PLE  M  K  N  TS. 

The  largest  of  the  stone  implements  found  in  the  mound 
outside  of  the  large  digging  implements  mentioned  in  connection 
with  the  flat  stones  found  on  the  sides  of  the  mound  were  the 
stone  celts,  and  these  were  seldom  met  with,  only  two  being  found 
during  the  entire  explorations.  Those  two  were  indiscriminately 
placed  in  the  mound.  Xone  were  placed  with  the  burials. 

A  good  illustration  of  this  implement  is  shown  in  Fig-.  62. 
It  is  made  from  a  compact  granite  of  a  dark  green  color  and  is 
symmetrically  made,  finely  finished  and  polished.  The  celt  meas 
ures  four  and  four-fifths  inches  in  length,  two  and  one-fifth 
inches  in  width  at  the  cutting  edge,  gradually  tapering  to  a  blunt 
point  at  the  pole. 

FLINT    AM)    OBSIDIAN    IMPLEMENTS. 

Flint  implements  found  in  the  burials  consisted  mostly  of 
knives,  as  shown  in  Fig.  63.  The  material  for  tbese  knives  was 
evidently  secured  from  the  flint  ridge  district,  and  is  the  best 
grade  of  chalcedony  found  here,  such  as  the  variegated  and 
banded  jasper  grades,  which  qualities  are  capable  of  being  flaked 
into  fine  and  sharp  knives  found  so  abundant  in  the  graves.  The 
knives  were  not  large,  the  largest  measured  only  three  and  one- 
fourth  inches  in  length,  but  they  were  seldom  less  than  one  and 
one-half  inches  in  length  ;  the  average  length  would  exceed  two 
inches,  and  the  average  width  would  be  about  three-fifths  of  an 
inch.  The  knives  had  the  same  general  curve  as  shown  in  the 
figure.  These  were  made  from  banded  and  variegated  jasper, 
and  the  specimens  show  several  facets  on  the  convex  face,  while 
the  concave  side  of  the  specimen,  on  account  of  the  compact 
structure  of  the  flint,  is  plain  and  very  smooth,  with  sharp  cut- 


70 


Explorations  of  the 


Harness  Mound. 


ting  edges  on  both  sides.  The  knives  show  no  chipping,  and  all 
were  flaked  from  cores. 

Twenty  of  these  knives  were  found  in  one  burial,  and  it  was 
a  very  common  occurrence  to  find  ten  or  twelve.  A  few  of  the  cores 
mentioned  above  were  also  found  in  the  burials,  invariably  in  close 
proximity  with  the  knives.  The  best  example  of  a  core  is  shown 
in  Fig.  64,  which  is  made  of  a  variegated  and  banded  jasper,  and 
shows  several  facets  from  which  knives  have  been  flaked. 

Arrow  points  were  found  spar 
ingly  in  the  graves.  Fig.  65  shows 
the  type  of  points  found.  All  are 
stemmed  and  finely  chipped.  The 
points  were  also  made  of  flint  ridge 
material,  but  the  fine  jasper  was  not- 
used  in  the  making  of  arrow  points, 
but  a  white  variety  shading  into  a 
light  dark  was  used. 

Obsidian  arrows  and  spears  are 
frequently  met  with  upon  the  sur 
face  throughout  the  entire  valley  of 
the  Scioto,  but  the  greatest  find  of 
obsidian  specimens  in  ( )hio  were 
those  taken  from  the  Hopewell 
Mounds  by  1'rofessor  Moorehead 
in  1892.  The  only  specimen  found 
in  the  Harness  Mound  is  shown 
in  F  i  g.  66.  T  h  e  specimen  is 
broken,  but  it  no  doubt  represents 
one  of  the  large  curved  knives  char 
acteristic  of  the  Hopewcll  culture. 
The  length  of  the  specimen  is  three 

and  one-fifth  inches,  and  the  width  at  the  largest  end  is  one  and 
one-half  inches.  It  is  well-wrought,  and  the  chipping  was  done 
by  one  experienced  in  the  art. 

STONE    GORGETS. 

Stone  gorgets,  as  shown  in  Fig.  67,  were  not  found  in  abund 
ance,  though  evidently  many  had  been  destroyed  by  fire.  All 


FIG.    Ii2  —  Celt.       (Length    four    and 
four-fifths    inches.) 


Explorations  of  the  Ediv-in  Harness  Mound. 


71 


shown  in  the  figure  have  been  more  or  less  subjected  to  fire,  and 
several  have  been  broken,  but  we  were  fortunate  in  most  cases 
to  secure  the  pieces,  and  thus  restore  many  of  the  gorgets.  The 
largest  piece  perforated  with  one  hole,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  was 
found  in  a  grave  associated  with  cut  mica.  This  piece  is  four 
inches  in  length  by  one  and  three-fourths  inches  in  width,  and  a 
little  less  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  It  is  made  of 
slate  and  highly  polished. 

The  next  gorget  shown  in  the  figure  is  of  an  oblong  boat 
shape,  made  of  slate  and  perforated  with  two  holes,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  center.  The  perforation  is  made  from  one  side.  The 
general  surface  is  plano-convex,  and  three  and  one-half  inches 


FIG.     (i.'i  —  Flint     knives.       (Average     length     two     inches.) 


in  length  and  one  and  one-fourth  inches  in  width  at  its  widest 
part. 

The  next  gorget  shown  in  the  cut  is  beautifully  made,  also 
of  the  plano-convex  type  almost  diamond  shaped,  perforated 
with  one  hole,  which  is  at  the  center  of  the  gorget,  and  pierced 
from  the  concave  side.  It  is  three  and  one-fourth  inches  in  length 
and  one  inch  in  width  at  its  widest  part. 

Throughout  the  mound  and  scattered  promiscuously  were 
found  large  and  small  pieces  of  galenite,  and  all  show  some  work 
upon  them  in  the  way  of  polishing  and  grinding.  The  largest 
piece  weighs  seven  pounds  and  six  ounces,  and  is  cut  and  pol 
ished  into  the  form  of  a  roughly  shaped  ball.  A  few  of  the 
isometric  crystals  were  found  in  the  graves,  and  were  no  doubt 


72 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


prized  for  their  shining,  metallic  lustre.     Many  of  the  large  pieees 
of  galenite  are  associated  with  limestone,  indicating  that  the  gal- 

enite    came    from   the    upper    .Mississippi 

region. 


FIG.    64  —  Flint    core. 
(Two-thirds    size.) 


FlG.     (i(i— Obsidian     knife.         (Two-thirds    size.) 


(iRAl'lHTK. 


In  several  of  the  hurials  quantities  of  graphite  in  the  gran 
ular  form  were  found.     The  graphite  had  been  placed  with  the 


FlG.   65  —  Flint  arrow  points.      (Two-thirds  size.) 

burial  in  small  bags  made  of  woven  fabric.     The  graphite  prob 
ably  comes  from  the  North  Carolina  district. 


Explorations  of  the  Edivin  Harness  Mound. 


73 


OUJKCTS     .M.\])K    OK    SHKLL. 

Objects  of  shell,  for  the  most  part,  were  made  of  ocean 
shells,  though  the  shells  of  the  fresh  water  mussels  were  used  in 
making  spoons  with  small  handles,  which  were  beautifully  and 
symmetrically  made.  The  pearls  taken  from  the  mussels  were 
also  used  as  ornaments.  For  some  reason  the  ocean  shells  sup 
plied  their  aboriginal  wants  and  needs  better  than  the  shells 
found  at  their  verv  door.  The  ocean  shells  were  doubtless 


FIG.    l>7  —  Gorgets    made    of    argilite.      (Two-thirds    size.) 

brought  to  their  settlements  in  the  rough   state,  and  they  were 
then  made  into  such  objects  as  were  needed. 

Large  containers,  or  drinking  cups,  were  made  from  these 
shells  as  shown  in  Figs.  68  and  69.  The  shell  shown  in  Fig. 
68  is  known  as  the  Fulgur  Perversum,  and  was  made  by  cutting 
away  a  portion  of  the  body  whorl  and  removing  the  columella. 
The  beak  was  carefully  rounded  and  made  into  a  wide  spout  to 
aid  in  emptying  the  vessel  or  to  serve  as  a  place  to  drink  from 


74 


Explorations  of  the  ILdwin   Harness  Mound. 


the  vessel.  This  shell  container  is  quite  large,  measuring-  eight 
and  one-half  inches  in  length  by  six  inches  in  width  at  the  widest 
part.  The  apex,  sutures  and  periphery  are  cut  and  polished  so 
that  the  vessel  appears  perfectly  smooth  both  inside  and  out. 


FIG.  08 — Drinking  cup  n.ade  of  Ocean  shell.     (Length  eight  and  one-half  inches.) 

These  drinking  vessels  were  always  placed  in  the  cremated 
burials  upsicledown,  the  orifices  resting  upon  the  bottom  of  the 
prepared  grave,  indicating  that  nothing  in  the  way  of  food  or 
drink  had  been  placed  in  the  container  when  it  was  deposited 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


75 


with  the  incinerated  remains  which  were  placed  around  and  over 
the  vessel.  Three  of  the  perfect  containers  were  secured,  and 
one  which  was  badly  broken  by  the  action  of  fire  which  was 
used  in  the  last  ceremony  before  the  grave  was  covered  with 

earth.  The  container  as 
shown  in  Fig.  69  was  made 
from  F  u  1  g  u  r  Perver- 
sum,  and  is  prepared  a  lit 
tle  different  from  the  one 
shown  in  Fig.  68.  The 
beak  was  left  almost  in 
tact.  The  aperture  had 
been  enlarged  by  cutting 
away  the  body  whorl  sim 
ilar  in  every  respect  to  the 
last  one  described.  A  por 
tion  of  another  shell  was 
made  into  a  drinking  cup 
of  a  form  known  as  the 
"horse  conch"  -  -  Fascio- 
laria  gigentia.  This  ves 
sel  was  badly  broken  by 
fire,  but  the  greater  part 
of  the  apex  remains. 

!'!•:. \RL    T.EADS. 

Most  abundant  of  all 
object  s  found  in  the 
mound  w  ere  beads  of 
shells  and  pearl.  The 
pearl  beads  were  pierced 
with  holes  and  strung  for 
attachment  around  the 
neck  or  wrist.  A  string  having  some  twenty-one  hundred  beads 
was  found  with  burial  Xo.  100.  A  section  of  a  case  in  which 
these  beads  are  now  kept  is  shown  in  Fig.  70.  They  are  all  small, 
some  of  them  being  perfectly  round.  \Yhile  the  majority  an- 
small  several  hundred  of  them  were  found  of  a  size  which  would 


FIG.    (i!) — Drinking   cup   made   of   Ocean 
shell.    (Length   ten    inches.) 


76 


Explorations  of  the  lldwin  Harness  Mound. 


vary  in  diameter  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  of  an  inch.     Some 
of  the  large  pearls  are  shown  in  Fig.  71. 

In  several  instances  the  large  pearls  had  been  flattened  upon 
one  side  and  set  in  copper,  as  shown  in  Fig.  26".  Again,  the 
pearls  were  often  flattened,  as  shown  in  Fig.  72,  and  pierced  with 


holes  for  attachment.     The  pearls  shown  in  Fig.  71  are  all  full 
size,  and  all  exceed  one-half  inch  in  diameter. 


IMITATION  OF  PEARL  BEADS. 


Associated  with  the  pearl  beads  were  beads  of  clay,  modeled 
in   exact   imitation   of   the   pearls   with   wh'ich   they   were  found. 


FIG    71  —  Large    pearls.      (Full    size.) 

The  clay  beads  were  burned  and  afterwards  covered  with  a  flex 
ible  mica.  Xo  doubt  the  beads  were  made  to  imitate  the  true 
pearls. 

Beads  were  made  of  small  ocean  shells,  such  as  the  Oliva 
literata  and  the  Nerita  rumphia,  as  shown  in  Fig.  73.     More  than 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


77 


three  thousand  of  these  shells  were  found  with  one  burial.  A 
glance  at  the  cut  will  show  how  these  were  made.  The  Oliva 
are  slightly  altered  by  cutting  away  the  apex  so  as  to  permit  of 
the  passage  of  a  string  which  was  introduced  through  the  natural 
aperture  ;  the  Xeritas  were  ground  away  so  as  to  show  the  col- 
umella,  which  would  also  permit  of  a  string  being  passed  around 
it.  so  in  that  wav  it  could  be  readily  strung. 


FIG.   i'i  —  Large  pearls  flattened  on  one  side.      (Two-thirds  size.) 

A  great  number  of  round  beads  made  of  the  columella  of 
the  large  shells  are  shown  in  Fig.  74.  These  beads  vary  in  size 
from  one-fourth  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  so 
perfect  are  they  that  they  resemble  beads  that  have  been  made  by 
machinery.  The  small  hole  is  bored  from  both  sides. 

Another  form  of  bead  is  shown  in   Fig.  75.     This  bead  is  an 


FIG.    73  —  Small    Ocean    she 


oblong  one,  varying  in  length  from  one-half  inch  to  one  and 
one-half  inches,  and  is  also  made  of  the  columella  and  pierced 
with  a  hole  for  attachment. 

TEXTILES. 

(  )ne  of  the  primitive  industries  of  the  builders  of  the  Har 
ness  A  found  was  the  weaving  of  fabrics,  and  we  find  the  charred 
remains  of  the  simplest  to  the  highest  art  in  primitive  weaving. 


78 


Explorations  of  the  Edunn  Harness  Mound. 


In  almost  every  burial  where  the  final  ceremony  consisted  of  set 
ting  fire  to  the  covering  of  straw  and  twigs,  which  were  placed 
over  the  cremated  remains,  we  find  the  charred  remnants  of 
cloth  or  coarse  matting. 

It  is  fully  known  that  the  textile  art  appeared  early  in  primi 
tive  culture,  and  it  is  generally  believed  that  the  association  of 
esthetic  concepts  with  it  came  first  and  it  became  quite  a  factor 
in  personal  adornment. 


FIG.    74  --  Round  heads  made   of   Ocean   shells.     (Two-thirds   size.) 

Thus  we  find  in  the  graves  of  the  Harness  Mound  woven 
fabrics  embellished  with  copper  ornaments  and  cut  designs  of 
mica,  showing  a  high  degree  of  advancement  in  personal  adorn 
ment. 

Fig.  76  is  a  good  example  of  the  coarse  matting  so  fre 
quently  found  in  the  burials.  Xo.  i  is  made  of  coarse  straw 
closely  twined,  and  Xo.  2  is  made  of  bark  and  straw  mixed  and 
woven  in  the  same  way. 


FIG.  75  —  Heads  maue   from  Ocean  shells.      (One-half  size.) 

Several  different  textiles  with  ornaments  of  copper  and 
mica  attached  were  found,  as  shown  in  Fig.  77,  but  the  coarse 
reticulated  patterns  were  more  abundant.  The  finer  patterns  of 
reticulate  weaving  were  found  wrapped  around  the  copper  pieces 
which  were  preserved  by  the  salts  of  copper.  The  textile  shown 
in  Fig.  77  is  made  by  twining,  and  is  a  very  closely  woven  fab 
ric.  When  the  charred  remains  of  the  cloth  were  removed  the 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 


79 


mass  appeared  to  be  about  one-half  an  inch  in  thickness,  and 
upon  examination  it  was  found  to  contain  fourteen  layers  of 
cloth,  covered  by  a  piece  of  very  thin  iron  made  in  the  form  of 
a  circle.1" 

After  finishing  the  explorations  of  this  mound  I  received 
permission  to  examine  a  small  mound  in  the  field  in  front  of  Mr. 
Robert  Harness'  house.  This  mound  is  located  upon  the  same 


FIG.    76  —  Coarse   mattings. 

terrace  as  the  Harness  group,  and  is  less  than  half  a  mile  distant 
to  the  south.  The  mound  is  a  typical  conical  mound,  being-  six- 
feet  and  six  inches  in  height  at  the  time  of  our  examination  and 
only  forty  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base.  Mr.  Harness  informs  me 
that  the  mound  was  fully  two  feet  higher  at  the  apex  when  the 
site  of  the  mound  was  first  ploughed  over  some  twenty  years  ago. 

10  According   to    Professor    Putnam    the    iron    from   this    mound    was 
determined   as   meteoric   iron.     Reports   of  the    Peabody   Museum   Vol.   3. 


80 


Explorations  of  tlic 


Harness  Mound. 


The  mound  covered  twenty-eight  burials.  Twenty-seven  of 
these  burials  were  placed  on  the  base  line,  or  from  a  few  inches 
to  a  foot  above  this  line.  Xot  one  of  the  twentv-seven  was  cre- 


FlG.   77  —  Fabric   with   copper  halls  attached. 


mated,  and  all  had  been  placed  promiscuously  at  or  near  the  base 
of  the  mound.  Xo  prepared  graves  were  discernible,  and  in 
several  instances  the  heads  were  placed  lower  than  the  feet,  and 
in  one  instance  the  head  and  feet  were  lower  than  the  middle  of 


Fio.    78  —  Woven    fabrics. 


82  Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound. 

the  body.  The  skeletons  were  badly  decomposed,  so  much  so 
that  not  a  single  perfect  bone  of  any  kind  was  removed  from  the 
burials.  But  few  artifacts  were  interred  with  the  burials,  and 
these  consisted  of  a  few  notched  arrow  heads,  very  well  chipped, 
and  many  flint  knives  roughly  prepared.  Near  one  of  the  burials 
was  found  a  finely  polished  celt,  and  with  another  a  tubular  pipe, 
which  is  shown  in  Fig.  79.  The  extra  burial  forming  the  twenty- 
eighth,  which  constitutes  the  contents  of  the  mound,  was  cre 
mated,  and  intrusive  to  this  mound.  The  grave  in  which  the 
cremated  remains  were  placed  was  made  some  time  after  the 
mound  had  been  completed,  as  the  outline  of  the  various  layers 
of  clay  could  readily  be  seen  on  the  sides  of  the  grave.  No  logs 
had  been  used  as  support  around  the  side  of  the  grave,  which  was 
otherwise  similar  to  those  placed  above  the  base  line  in  the  Ed 
win  Harness  Mound,  but  the  grave  showed  that  a  covering  of 


FIG.  79  —  Tubular  pipe.     (Three-fourths  size.) 

brush  and  bark,  which  was  set  on  fire,  had  been  placed  over  the 
incinerated  remains  and  the  grave  covered  while  it  was  burning. 
No  artifacts  were  found  with  this  burial. 


RESUME. 

A  brief  mention  of  the  more  salient  points  brought  out  by 
the  examination  of  a  portion  of  the  mound  that  was  abandoned 
after  more  than  half  a  century  of  active  efforts  manifest  in  an 
attempt  to  examine  the  mound,  as  set  forth  in  the  preceding 
pages,  will  be,  perhaps,  of  interest,  and  I  will  briefly  give  them. 

The  object  of  the  mound  was  purely  mortuary,  and  the  site 
of  the  mound  a  charnel  house  until  it  was  filled  with  graves,  when 
the  house  was  destroyed  by  fire  and  a  mound  erected  as  a  monu 
ment  to  the  dead. 

All  of  the  graves  in  the  mound  showed  a  careful  preparation 
for  the  reception  of  the  remains. 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  83 

Of  the  one  hundred  and  thirty-three,  only  five  were  uncre- 
mated,  and  a  majority  of  those  cremated  showed  that  the  last 
rite  was  performed  before  the  grave  was  temporarily  covered, 
by  setting  fire  to  the  grass  and  twigs  that  covered  the  grave,  and 
while  burning  was  covered  over  with  a  layer  of  clay.  This  was 
done  with  each  burial  until  the  charnel  house  was  filled. 

The  artifacts  placed  in  the  graves  also  show  that  the  builders 
of  the  mound  were  possessors  of  a  wonderful  wealth  of  art  pro 
ducts,  which  products  had  a  well  marked  individuality,  being 
superior  in  every  respect  to  the  artifacts  found  in  the  prehistoric 
village  near  Higby,  five  or  six  miles  to  the  south.  The  Higby 
inhabitants  were  representatives  of  the  Fort  Ancient  culture,17 
though  we  find  that  the  Harness  Mound  builders  were  equal  in 
culture  in  every  respect  to  the  peoples  occupying  the  Hope\vell 
group. 

The  earthworks  and  mounds  of  the  Harness  group  were 
purely  aboriginal,  and  from  the  data  secured  from  our  explora 
tions  are  representatives  of  the  Xorth  West  group  described  by 
Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes,18  and  which  so  far  as  the  artifacts  testify, 
are  purely  Pre-Columbian. 

The  great  body  of  relics  found  in  the  mound  were  made  of 
copper,  shell  and  bone.  Especially  noticeable  were  the  ear  orna 
ments  of  copper  which  were  in  some  instances  covered  with  iron 
and  silver,  and  which  display  remarkable  workmanship.  A  care 
ful  examination  of  these  finely  wrought  implements  and  orna 
ments  plainly  shows  that  the  mechanical  art  was  developed  almost 
exclusively,  while  in  other  sections  of  the  Scioto  Valley,  where 
the  Hope  well  Culture  is  found,  the  idiographic  art  was  highly 
developed  along  with  the  non-imitative. 

No  perfect  pieces  of  the  ceramic  art  were  exhumed,  but  the 
sherds  plainly  show  that  the  fictile  products  are  entitled  to  a  high 
place  in  Ohio  ceramic  arts. 

The  great   variety   of   weaving  and   the  quantity  of  woven 


17I  have  for  my  own  convenience  named  the  two  great  cultures 
whose  remains  are  so  abundant  in  Ohio,  Fort  Ancient  Culture  and  Hope- 
well  Culture.  "Explorations  of  the  Baum  Village  Site,"  Vol.  14.  Ohio 
State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Publications. 

18  Twentieth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethonology. 


Explorations  of  the  Edwin  Harness  Mound.  85 

material  found  in  the  graves,  indicate  that  the  art  was  assiduously 
practiced. 

The  examination  of  the  Robert  Harness  Mound  proved  it 
to  be  a  burial  mound  belonging  to  the  Fort  Ancient  Culture,  and 
the  finding  of  a  burial  of  the  Hopewell  Culture  intrusive  to  the 
Robert  Harness  Mound  proves  without  question  that  the  people 
of  the  Fort  Ancient  Culture  were  the  first  to  occupy  the  surround 
ing  territory,  and  consequently  the  Hopewell  Culture  occupied 
this  territory  at  a  later  period. 


INDEX  TO  ADENA  MOUND. 


PAGE. 

Adena    Mound,    Description    of 5 

Manner   of    Exploration 8 

Adena    Mansion     5 

Adcna   Mound,   Base  of 13 

Awls   of    I'.one 24 

Animal    Remains    20-25 

Burials,    Mode    of,    First    Period....          7 
Burials,    Mode    of,    Second    Period..  7 

Bracelet    of    Copper,    Round 10-13-21 

Bracelet    of    Copper,    Flat 17 

Burial    at    Center    of    Mound 13-'21 

Burial,     Intrusive     13 

Beads  of  Bone  and   Shell. ..  .Ki-l!i-2l  2<>-27 
Bear    Claws    used   as    a    Bracelet....         26 

Bark   as   a    Covering    for    Burial 

14-17-18-20  22-25 

Cloth,     Woven     ID- -11-13-1 7-19  22-28 

( 'omb    of    Hone 24 

Cremation,    Evidence    of 25 

Copper    Finger    Rings 11 

Cup-shaped     Depressions     in     Sand 
stone      11 


Effigy  of   Raccoon . 
Effigy    Pipe    


Froelich,   Joseph,    Reference   to. 


PAOE. 

Gorget     of    Slate 1 4-20 

Gorget,    Boat-shaped    18 


Hoc,    Chipped     

Ilcad-dress    of    Cut    Mica. 
Hoe    of    Shell... 


Implements  made  of   Beaver  Teeth..  23 

Knives    of     Flint 22 

Lake    Ellensmerc    5 

Xeedlc    of    Bone 24 


Red    Paint    placed    with    Burial. 


Tablet   of   Stone 22 

Timbers   used    in    making   Sepulchers        15 


\Vorthington,    Gov. 


(87) 


INDEX  TO  GARTNER  MOUND  AND  VILLAGE  SITE. 


PAGE. 

Awl,    F.ffigy    Bone 16 

Awl.    Hone 19-21-45 

Animal     Remains 28-31 

Arrow    Points   of  Flint 37 

Arrow    Points    of    Hone 41 

Arrow     Points    of    P>one,    Manufac 
ture   of 42 


Haum    Village    Site 5 

Reads,    Bone 18-57 

Heads,    Shell 20 

Beans      34 

Butternuts    34 

Bone     Awls 19-21-45 

Rone     Pins     

Hone     Needles 

Bone     Knife 

Bone     Tubes 

Bone    Fish    Hooks 

Hone    Fish    Hooks,    Stages  of  Manu 
facture    

Burials,  Methods  of  in  Mound....  13 
Burials,  Methods  of  in  Village.... 
Burial,  Intrusive  


Crescents,    Shell     

Cedar    Bank    Works 

Corn,   Charred   

Cremation,    Evidences    of 

Cremation,    Finding    of 

Celts    

Clay    Prepared    to   make    Pottery 

Cut  Jaw   of   Wolf 

Cut    Jaw    of    Mink 

Cut  Skull   of   Dog 

Cut  Jaw  of  Deer 

Cut  Jaw  of  Wild  Cat 

Cut   Skull  of  Wild   Turkey 


14-54 
25 

26-32 
6 
31 
39 
10 
58 
59 


Deer,    Percent    of 

Discoidal    in    Grave 

Dog,    Canine   Teeth   of 

Dog,     Prehistoric,     Presnce     of 

Dog,    Skull   of,   used   for   Ornament. 

F.Ik,   Canine  Teeth  of 


13 
13 

18 

28 
58 

20 


Food     Resources 

Food,     Animal 

Food,      Vegetable 

Food,    Preparation    of 

Flint     Arrowpoints 

Fishhooks    

Fishhooks,    Manufacture    of. 


Gartner,    Adam 5 

Gartner    Mound,    Description    of (5 

Gartner     Mound,     Section     of 0 

Gartner    Mound,     Features    of lo-ll    12 

Gartner    Mound,    Detailed    Account..          12 

Gartner    Mound,    Burials    of 13  tc 

Gorget  of  Ocean   Shell 

Gorget    of    Stone 

Gorget  of  Shell   with   Pearl   Setting.  . 
Gartner    Village   Site,    Description    of 


Hickory     Xuts.  .  . 

Hazel    Xuts 

Hammer     Stones. 
Hoes    . 


Implements    of    Stone. 
Implements    of    Hone. 


Knives   of    Flint. 
Knife   of    Bone. . 


Lievy,      Klizabeth 

Mountain    Lion,    Teeth    of. 


Mussel    Bakes    . 
Mortars,     Stone 


Xecklace    of    Teeth 

Xet    Sinkers 

Xeedles    of    Bone 

Xecklace    of    Klk    Teeth. 


Ocean  Shell   cut   Triangular    Form.. 

Ocean  Shell    Beads 17-20-21- 

Ocean  Shell    Gorgets 

Ocean  Shell    Pendants 


(88) 


Index  to   (iartncr  Mound  and   I'illa^e  Site. 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

Potter's    Clav,     Prepared  

13 

Scrapers      made      from      Metapodiale 

Pipe,     Platform  

17 

Hone     

|3 

Potterv,     Perfect     

22 

Scrapers        made        from        Shoulder 

Pestles      

34 

Blades     

43 

Potterv,     Sherds  35  30 

-37 

Scrapers    made    from     Klk    Antlers.. 

43 

Potterv,    \  erv    Small  

35 

Spoon   of  Mussell   Shell  

22 

Pottery   Handles,   Manner  of  Attach 

Storehouse,    Subterranean  

26 

ment    

37 

Pendants  of   Shell  

55 

Pendants    of     l!one  

5<> 

Triangular    Arrow    Points  

16 

Pendants   of    Teeth  

57 

Pipes     

59 

War     Club  

14 

Wild  Cat,  Canine   Teeth  of  

18 

Raccoon,    Canine    Teeth    of  

18 

Wolf,    Teeth    of  

21 

Refuse    Pits  

26 

Wild    Turkey    I'eads  

23 

Rattles    of    Ouartz     Pebbles  

23 

Walnuts     

34 

Woven     Fabrics     

53 

Squier    and     Davis  

25 

Wild     Turkey     Humerus  

58 

Seeds,     Pawpaw  

34 

Wild  Turkey   Skulls  

5U 

Seeds,    Wild    Plum  

34 

Wheatstones    

59 

INDEX  TO  THE   BAUM   VILLAGE  SITE. 


PAGE. 
....         26          <"ood    Plant    

PAGE. 
33 

35 

..57-58-59           "lakint?    Imolements    

65 

45 

"ishhooks    

65 

5 

"ishhooks,    Stages   of    Manufacture 

GO 
71 

fi 

95 

Bureau    of    Ethnology,    Rep.    Quota- 

45 

'lint    Arrow    Heads  

45 

Bone  Arrow-point   by   Mitldleton. 
Bone   Arrowpoint,    Manufacture 
Baum     T     F 

11 
of.         51 
15 

"lint     Drills 

4fi 

47 

47 

19 

Gartner  Mound  and  Village   Site.  . 

12 
30 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

35 

Bitter    Xuts                

34 

Gorgets,    Shell    

.  .    .         35 

Hill.     Pollard       

15 

62 

Beads     Shell                                  

73 

32 

Beads     Pearl 

74 

34 

74 

|4 

80 

Hoes,    Shell     

49 

19 

49 

64 

21 

96 

33 

95 

35 

24 

43 

26 

29 

Deer,    Description   of  
Duck      Mallard 

26 
32 

Implements,  Bone    

50 

77 

Duck       Pintail 

32 

32 

61 

48 

50-51 

24 

27 

Lion.   Mountain,   Description  of.... 

28 
8 

Eagle     Bald           

32 

25 

Moorehead,     Explorations    by  

.  12-9.1! 
30 

26 

26 

31 

Fox,    Gray,    Description    of  
Fisher.    Descrintion    of... 

29 
30 

Mouse,    Rice  Field,    Description    of. 
Mussel    Bakes    . 

31 

32 

( 90 ) 


fude.r  to  the  Baitni  I'illugc  Site. 


91 


PAGE. 

Mortar,    Stone    35 

Mound    Builders,     Description    of...         80 


Newbcrry,  J.   S. 
Xcedles,    T'one 


Otter,    Description    of 

Opossum,    Description    of. 

Owl,     (ireat     Horned 

Owl,    P.arred    

Orton,     Dr.     S.     T 


I'ost     Molds     17 

Pottery,     Kngraved ]!)-40 

Pottery,    Description    of 3940 

Putnam,    Prof 24-70 

Plum,    Wild    Red 

Pendants,    Shell    

Pendants,    Teeth     75 

Pendants,    Hone    77 

Pipes     79 


Refuse    Pits    

Refuse    Pits,    Contents   of. 

Raccoon,     Percent    of 

Raccoon,     Description     of. 
Rabbit,     Description     of. . . 


PAGE. 

Spruce  Hill    5 

Squier   and    Davis    (Quotation) 7 

Storehouse,    Subterranean    19 

Skunk,  1  )escription  of 30 

Squirrel,    dray,    Description    of 31 

Swan,    Trumpeter    32 

Schaffncr,     Prof.    J.    H 33 

Seed,    Pawpaw    35 

Stones,    Grinding 44 

Scraper,     I'one     53 

Scraper,    I'one,    Manufacture    of 54 

Scraper,    Celt-like    5C 

Spoons     of     Shell 70 

Spcarpoints,    Horn    64 

Spearpoints,     Flint     47 

Turkey,    Wild,    Description    of 31 

Turkey,    Wild,     Percent    of 31 

Teepe    Site,   Large 17 

Turtle,   I'ox,   Percent  of 26 

Turtle,     P>ox,     Description    of 31 

Turtle,     Snapping     31 

Tubes,    Hone    62 


Percent    of. 


INDEX  TO  THE   EDWIN    HARNESS  MOUND. 


PAGE. 

Altar     Mounds     9 

Altar,     Evidence     of 13 

Anomalous     Mounds     11 

Artifacts       Takes       From       Harness 
Mound  — 

By     Prof.     Putnam 7-15 

I!y   Squier   and    Davis 12-13 

My     School     Children IS 

My    Prof.     Moorehead 19-21-22 

Artifacts     found    in     the    Burials 36 

Axes   of    Copper 46-47-48-49-50 

Animal    Jaws,    Ornaments    of 58 

Animal   Remains,    Presence   of 30 

Burials  — • 

Described  by   Squier  and    Davis.   12-13 


Claws     - 

Effigy    of,     Mono 

Effigy  of.  Stone 

Cremated  Murials  

Cremation 

At    the    Crave 

Away    from    the    Crave. 

I'Vatures   of   .. 


Drinking    Cups 
(  Jccurrencc     of 
Manufacture  of. 

Karl  h  works  — 

Harness   Croup 

Square    Form    .  . 

Circular    Form 


Described    by    Prof.     Putnam....   15-17     j     Far    Ornaments,     Types    of 


Described   by   Prof.    Moorehead..         21 

Cremated     30 

Uncremated     30 

Beads    of    Iron 4fi 

Beads    of    Pearl 75 

Beads    of    Ocean     Shell 76 

Bear    Teeth,    Ornaments   of 59-60 

T'.one     Objects      54 

Bone  — • 

Implements    of    54-55 

Awls    of    54-55 

Needles     of     56 

Ornaments   of    56-62 

Pendants    of     58 

Engraved   Upon 02-63 

Cupper  Objects   Found  — 

My   Squier  and   Davis 12 

By    Prof.    Putnam 15-17 

By    Prof.    Moorehead 21-22 

Copper  — 

Large    Plates    of 36-38-41 

Ear    Ornaments    of 41-42-43-44 

Ornaments    Covered    with 44 

Balls    of    45 

Pearls    Set   in 45 

Mounting     of 45 

Hemispheres    of     45 

Pendants   of    64 

Axes    of 40-47-48-49-50 

Needles  of  ..  50 


Ear    Ornaments,    Description    of.... 


Fowke,  Gerard,  Reference  to 

Final  Explorations  

Flint  — 

Identification   of    

( irades    of     

Knives  of  

Arrow  Points  of 

Fort  Ancient  Culture,  Reference  U 


•AC  1C. 
60 

Di) 
30 

32 
33 
33 


5 
6 
6 

42 
43-44 


Graphite  — 

Ourreiice     of. 


Harness  Croup,  Plans  of 

I  lariu'.ss  — • 

Edwin,     Reference    to 7 

Daniel     R.,    reference    to 

John     M.,     reference     to 

Yanse,  reference  to 

Human  Jaws,  Ornaments  of 

Human  Jaw,  Replacement  of  Natural 

Teeth  with  Deer  Teeth 

Hope  well  Culture,  Reference  to.... 

Iron,      Meteoric,      Found      by      I'rof. 

Putnam     

Iron,    Ear    Ornaments    Covered    with 

Iron    Beads,   Occurrence    of 

Iron    Disc,   Occurrence  of 

Implements    for    Digging 


(92) 


Indc.v  to  the  Edivin  Harness  Mound. 


19 


PAGE 

Implements    of    copper 46 

Implements  of  Stone 69 

Implements    of    Flint    and    Obsidian.         69 


Mound,    Kclwin    Harness  — 

Explorations  of 

Location  of  

Dimensions  of,  by  Squier  and 
Davis  

Dimensions  of,   by  Prof.    Putnam 

Dimensions  of,  by  Prof.  Moore- 
head  

Dimensions   of,   by   Last   Survey. 

Explorations  of,  by  Squier  and 
Davis  

Explorations  of,  by  Prof.  Put 
nam  

Explorations  of,  by  Prof.  Moore- 
head  

Explorations  of,  by  Last  Survey. 

Special  Feature  of 

Object    of 

Site   of   a    Cbarnel    House 

Interior    of    

liurials  of  

-Mound  — 

Seip,    Reference    to 

Turner,    Reference    to 

Ilopewcll,     Reference    to 

Robert    Harness,    Explorations  of 

Robert  Harness,  Culture  of.... 

Mica,  Objects  of 

Museums  — • 

1'lackmore    

Peabody     

Ohio  State  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Society 


Xeedle   of   Copper... 
Xecklaces    of    Teeth. 


7 
7-18 


Necklaces    of    Claws. 
Xecklaces   of  Pearls. 

Obsidian,    Knife    of. 


PAGE 
61 
75 

70 


Putnam,    Prof.    F.    \V.    Explorations 

of    9-14 

Pipe    Found   by    Squier   and   Davis..  12 

I'ipes,     Description    of 66-6 

Pipes     of     Limestone C6-G7 

Pipe    of    Steatite 68 

Pearls    Set    in    Copper 45 

Pearl    Heads  — • 

( >ccurrence    of 75-76 

Imitation     of 75 

Pottery  — 

I  lescription    of 50 

1  tecoration     of 51-52-53 


Resume 


Squier  and   Davis  — 

Explorations  of   5-9 

Sepulcher   Mounds    Described   by  11 

Silver  Objects   Found  by   Prof.   Put 
nam    15-19 

Shell   Objects    Found    by    Prof.    Put 
nam      15 

Shell,   Objects   Made  of 73 

Stone    Gorgets,    Description    of 70 

Temple    Mounds,    Reference   to 11 

Types    of    Graves 31 

Textiles,   Occurrence  of 77-78 

LTncremated  burials  30 

Uncremated  Graves,  Preparation  of.  34 


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